Device and methods for tuning a skeletal muscle

ABSTRACT

A method of differentially tuning a lower limb muscle in a human in need thereof is provided. The method includes placement of at least two calibrated, differential disturbances or protuberances under the human&#39;s feet thereby tuning a lower limb muscle.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention is directed to, inter alia, methods of differentiallytuning a muscle in a subject in need thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Training protocols and sporting equipment that cause specificalterations in muscle activity during exercise may have importantimplications for training, rehabilitation after injury, and competitiveperformance.

Three types of muscle exist: skeletal, cardiac and smooth which havesignificant differences. All three types use the movement of actinagainst myosin to create contraction. In skeletal muscle, contraction isstimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by the nerves, the motornerves and motoneurons in particular. Cardiac and smooth musclecontractions are stimulated by internal pacemaker cells which regularlycontract, and propagate contractions to other muscle cells they are incontact with. All skeletal muscle contractions are facilitated by theneurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Muscular activity accounts for much of the body's energy consumption.All muscle cells produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules whichare used to power the movement of the myosin heads. Muscles conserveenergy in the form of creatine phosphate which is generated from ATP andcan regenerate ATP when needed with creatine kinase Muscles also keep astorage form of glucose in the form of glycogen. Glycogen can be rapidlyconverted to glucose when energy is required for sustained, powerfulcontractions. Within the voluntary skeletal muscles, the glucosemolecule can be metabolized anaerobically in a process called glycolysiswhich produces two ATP and two lactic acid molecules in the process(note that in aerobic conditions, lactate is not formed; insteadpyruvate is formed and transmitted through the citric acid cycle).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of tuning alower limb skeletal muscle in a subject in need thereof comprising thesteps of: (a) Securing a device to a subject's foot, whereby the devicecomprises a foot securing mean, a support member operably attached tothe securing mean, and a moveable anterior protuberance and a moveableposterior protuberance; (b) calibrating the posterior protuberance andthe anterior protuberance to: (1) a balanced position, wherein thebalanced position is a position whereby the device provides a reducedinversion or a reduced eversion to the subject's foot during the stancephases; and (2) a muscle tuning position; and (c) fixing the posteriorprotuberance and the anterior protuberance to the support member.

In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a methodof tuning a lower limb skeletal muscle in a subject suffering from lowerlimb muscle pathology and lower limb musculoskeletal pain, comprisingthe steps of: (a) Securing a device to a subject's foot, whereby thedevice comprises a foot securing mean, a support member operablyattached to the securing mean, and a moveable anterior protuberance anda moveable posterior protuberance; (b) calibrating the posteriorprotuberance and the anterior protuberance to: (1) a balanced position,wherein the balanced position is a position whereby the device providesa reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject's foot duringthe stance phases; (2) a minimal or reduced pain position; and (3) amuscle tuning position; and (c) fixing the posterior protuberance andthe anterior protuberance to the support member.

In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a methodof treating a subject suffering from a lower limb pathology comprisingthe step of tuning a lower limb skeletal muscle in the subject, whereintuning a lower limb skeletal muscle comprises the steps of: (a) Securinga device to a subject's foot, whereby the device comprises a footsecuring mean, a support member operably attached to the securing mean,and a moveable anterior protuberance and a moveable posteriorprotuberance; (b) calibrating the posterior protuberance and theanterior protuberance to: (1) a balanced position, wherein balancedposition comprises a position whereby the device provides a reducedinversion or a reduced eversion to the subject's foot during the stancephases; and (2) a muscle tuning position; and (c) fixing the posteriorprotuberance and the anterior protuberance to the support member.

In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a methodof treating a subject suffering from a lower limb pathology and lowermusculoskeletal pain, comprising the step of tuning a lower limbskeletal muscle in the subject, wherein tuning a lower limb skeletalmuscle comprises the steps of: (a) Securing a device to a subject'sfoot, whereby the device comprises a foot securing mean, a supportmember operably attached to the securing mean, and a moveable anteriorprotuberance and a moveable posterior protuberance; (b) calibrating theposterior protuberance and the anterior protuberance to: (1) a balancedposition, the balanced position comprises a position whereby the deviceprovides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject's footduring the stance phases; (2) a minimal or reduced pain position; and(3) a muscle tuning position; and (c) fixing the posterior protuberanceand the anterior protuberance to the support member.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully fromthe following detailed description taken in conjunction with theappended drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a simplified pictorial illustration of footwear constructedand operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention

FIGS. 2 and 3 are simplified side-view and rear-view illustrations,respectively, of the footwear of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a simplified top-view illustration of the footwear of FIG. 1,showing further features of other embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a simplified pictorial illustration of an alignment of theanterior (forward) and posterior (rearward) protuberances on a supportmember, according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a simplified pictorial illustration of another alignment ofthe anterior and posterior protuberances on a support member, accordingto embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a simplified pictorial illustration of a sneaker constructedand operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention,whose rearward protuberance has a greater height than the height of theforward protuberance.

FIG. 8 is a simplified pictorial illustration of a sneaker constructedand operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention,whose forward protuberance has a greater height than the height of therearward protuberance.

FIG. 9 illustrates maximal area boundaries of positioning of theanterior and posterior protuberances with respect to a support surface,according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates effective area boundaries of positioning of theanterior and posterior protuberances with respect to a support surface,according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 11 illustrates effective area boundaries of positioning of theanterior and posterior protuberances with respect to a support surface,according to certain diseases of the present invention.

FIG. 12 illustrates effective area boundaries of positioning of theanterior and posterior protuberances with respect to a support surface,according to certain diseases of the present invention.

FIG. 13A is an isometric view of a protuberance suitable for use on afootwear, according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 13B is a frontal view of a protuberance suitable for use on afootwear, according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 13C is a side view of a protuberance suitable for use on afootwear, according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 14 illustrates effective area boundaries of positioning of thepeaks of the ground engaging areas of the anterior (1001) and posterior(1002) protuberances with respect to a support surface, with respect tothe differential tuning of muscles/induction of change in COP infunctional ankle instability.

FIG. 15 illustrates effective area boundaries of positioning of thepeaks of the ground engaging areas of the anterior (1003) and posterior(1004) protuberances with respect to a support surface, with respect tothe differential tuning of muscles/induction of change in COP in medialknee osteoarthritis.

FIG. 16A depicts an EMG plot of the tibialis anterior during gait whenthe subject was walking with the footwear calibrated in 8 mm of plantarflexion.

FIG. 16B depicts an EMG plot of the tibialis anterior during gait whenthe subject was walking with the footwear calibrated in 6 mm of dorsiflexion.

FIG. 16C depicts an EMG plot of the peroneus brevis during gait when thesubject was walking with the footwear so that both the anterior and theposterior protuberances were calibrated and fixed 15 mm medial to theneutral position.

FIG. 16D depicts an EMG plot of the peroneus brevis during gait when thesubject was walking with the system so that both the anterior and theposterior protuberances were calibrated and fixed 10 mm. lateral to theneutral position.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Muscle Calibration

This invention provides, in one embodiment, a method of tuning a lowerlimb skeletal muscle in a subject in need thereof comprising the stepsof: (a) Securing a device to a subject's foot, whereby the devicecomprises a foot securing mean, a support member operably attached tothe securing mean, and a moveable anterior protuberance and a moveableposterior protuberance; (b) calibrating the posterior protuberance andthe anterior protuberance to: (1) a balanced position, the balancedposition comprises a position whereby the device provides a reducedinversion or a reduced eversion to the subject's foot during the stancephases; and (2) a muscle tuning position; and (c) fixing the posteriorprotuberance and the anterior protuberance to the support member. Inanother embodiment, provided herein the use of a device comprising afoot securing mean, a support member operably attached to the securingmean, and a moveable anterior protuberance and a moveable posteriorprotuberance, wherein device calibration includes positioning orcalibrating the protuberances to a position wherein the device provides(1) a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject's footduring the stance phases and (2) a muscle tuning position, for tuning alower limb skeletal muscle. In another embodiment, provided herein theuse of a device comprising a foot securing mean, a support memberoperably attached to the securing mean, and a moveable anteriorprotuberance and a moveable posterior protuberance, wherein devicecalibration includes positioning or calibrating the protuberances to aposition wherein the device provides (1) a reduced inversion or areduced eversion to the subject's foot during the stance phases; (2)reduced pain in a lower limb position; and (2) a muscle tuning position,for tuning a lower limb skeletal muscle. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the methods disclosed herein are directed tomuscle tuning which include tuning its activity (increased, reduced, ortimed differently) by changing the center of pressure (COP) with whichthe foot contacts the ground. In another embodiment, changing the centerof pressure (COP) with which the foot contacts the ground is executedthrough calibrating the device (footwear) of the invention. In anotherembodiment, COP is changed or altered via a perturbation induced by aprotuberance as disclosed herein. In another embodiment, a device of theinvention alters COP thus changing the movement pattern of a lower limb.In another embodiment, a change in movement pattern is dependent on achange in muscular activity in the lower limb. In another embodiment, amuscle can be differentially tuned with a device such as disclosedherein as a consequence of controlled change in movement pattern. Inanother embodiment, a change in movement must be controlled in order toprevent damage, injury, trauma, or a combination thereof to the subjectusing the device. In another embodiment, the methods of the inventionprovide a controlled change in movement pattern and concomitantlyavoiding damage, injury, trauma, or a combination thereof (such as butnot limited to: falls, damaging gait, damaging lower limb neuromuscularcontrol or activity) to the subject using the device, thus efficientlyenabling the differential tuning of lower limb muscles of interest. Inanother embodiment, COP is constantly changing due to a perturbationcaused by a protuberance. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the methods of the invention provide that thedesired differential lower limb muscle tuning occurs in variousactivities the subject is performing, for example: walking, standing,cooking or getting up from a chair. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the methods described herein comprise thatchanging the COP in a direction or to a position away from theanatomical location of the muscle, results in inducing an increase inthe muscle's activity. In another embodiment, the methods describedherein comprise that changing the COP in a direction or to a positionwhich is closer to the anatomical position of the muscle, results inreducing the muscle's activity. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the methods of the invention provide that aprotuberance introducing a perturbation on which the subject needs tobear weight induces muscle tuning (i.e. its activity can be increased,reduced, or timed differently). In another embodiment, muscle tuning isnot selective to a specific muscle or muscle group. In anotherembodiment, muscle tuning is specific to the muscles' former activitypattern. In another embodiment, the methods of the invention providethat a muscle which was relatively inactive (where it should have beenactive) or inhibited would increase its activity level in order tocontrol the instability or perturbation caused by a protuberance. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the methods of the invention provide that amuscle which was hyperactive (i.e. bracing or active for longer periodsof time then it should be in a specific activity) would decrease itsbracing. In another embodiment, the methods of the invention providethat a lower limb muscle reacts to a perturbation. In anotherembodiment, the methods of the invention provide that a lower limbmuscle reacts to a perturbation thus decreasing its hyperactivity due tothe perturbation. In another embodiment, the methods of the inventionprovide that a lower limb muscle reacts to a perturbation induced intodaily activities such as walking, getting up from a chair, cooking etc.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, the methods of the invention provide that amuscle is tuned (i.e. its activity can be increased, reduced, or timeddifferently) by changing the height of the fore-foot in relation to thehind-foot. In another embodiment, the methods of the invention providethat increasing the height of the fore-foot in relation to the height ofthe hind-foot, thus creating a dorsi-flexed alignment, activates themuscles which are posterior to the midline (in the frontal plane) of thelower limb. In another embodiment, the methods of the invention providethat increasing the height of the hind-foot in relation to the height ofthe fore-foot, thus creating a plantar-flexed alignment, activates themuscles which are anterior to the midline (in the frontal plane) of thelower limb. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, the methods of the invention provide that amuscle is tuned (i.e. its activity can be increased, reduced, or timeddifferently) by attaching differential weight to a specified locationunder the foot. In another embodiment,various activities require liftingthe leg off the ground while supporting and balancing the entire bodyweight on the other leg (the stance leg). In another embodiment,increasing the weight of the leg being lifted off the ground demandsgreater muscular activity from the muscles responsible for lifting theleg off the ground. In another embodiment, location specific,differential, increased weight of the lifted leg increases muscularactivity differentially-the muscles responsible for supporting andstabilizing the weight of the body on the stance leg. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, tuning a lower limb skeletal muscle comprisesimproving motor skills, fitness, muscle and bone strength, jointfunction, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, tuning alower limb skeletal muscle comprises inducement of certain muscle fiberutilization over another. In another embodiment, tuning a lower limbskeletal muscle comprises aerobic exercise comprising long, low levelsof exertion in which the muscles are used at well below their maximalcontraction strength for long periods of time. In another embodiment,tuning a lower limb skeletal muscle comprises using the device for shortbursts of intense activity. In another embodiment, tuning a lower limbskeletal muscle comprises induction of neovascularization within themuscle. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

Target Populations Who are in Need of Muscle Tuning

In another embodiment, a subject in need thereof is a subject sufferingfrom a neuromuscular pathology. In another embodiment, a subject in needthereof is a subject suffering from muscle weakness, muscle spasticity,myoclonus, myalgia, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, asubject in need thereof is a subject suffering from myopathy ordystrophy. In another embodiment, a subject in need thereof is a subjectsuffering from spasticity or paralysis. In another embodiment, a subjectin need thereof is a subject suffering from a neurological disorder andhas problems with movement (such as but not limited to: stroke,Parkinson's disease). Each possibility represents a separate embodimentof the present invention.

In another embodiment, a subject in need thereof is a subject sufferingfrom muscle atrophy. In another embodiment, a subject in need thereof isa subject suffering from cachexia. In another embodiment, a subject inneed thereof is a subject suffering from AIDS. In another embodiment, asubject in need thereof is a subject suffering from a congestive heartdisease. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, a subject in need thereof is a subject sufferingfrom a lower limb joint disease or a lower limb musculoskeletalpathology. In another embodiment, a a subject suffering from a lowerlimb joint disease or a lower limb musculoskeletal pathology experienceschanges in muscular activity either due to pain inhibition, disruptedproprioception, changes in joint alignment, disuse, weakness, neuraldamage, compensations, etc. In another embodiment, changes in muscularactivity increase the load or strain or effort of the damaged structuresthus perpetuating the lower limb joint disease or a lower limbmusculoskeletal pathology. In another embodiment, a subject in needthereof is a subject at risk of developing a lower limb joint disease ora lower limb musculoskeletal pathology. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a subject at risk of developing a lower limbjoint disease or a lower limb musculoskeletal pathology is a subjectexposed to repetitive strain injuries due to imbalanced muscularactivities (for example repeated squatting). In another embodiment, asubject at risk of developing a lower limb joint disease or a lower limbmusculoskeletal pathology is a subject which is exposed to prolongedphysical stresses due to loads he or she sustains. In anotherembodiment, such loads are for example prolonged standing withrelatively little movement (for example cooks, surgeons). Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a subject at risk of developing a lower limbjoint disease or a lower limb musculoskeletal pathology is a subject isan elderly subject. In another embodiment, an elderly subject issusceptible of developing lower limb musculoskeletal pathologies due toage related muscle weakening (such as but not limited to: sarcopenia).In another embodiment, an elderly subject is susceptible of developinglower limb musculoskeletal pathologies due to decrease in musclerecruitment speed (time to contraction). In another embodiment, muscularage related effects increase the loads on the joint, thus instigating alower limb joint pathology accompanied by pain, in turn; pain activelychanges the muscular activity and increases the load on the joint. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a subject in need thereof is a subject in need ofenhancing his or hers performance such as elite or recreationalathletes. In another embodiment, a subject in need of enhancing his orhers performance benefits by tuning/improving the muscles ability tocontract quickly in response to an external stimulus (the starting gun,a ball). In another embodiment, a subject in need thereof is an athletebenefiting from improved muscular activity during the warm up beforegame or a race. In another embodiment, an athlete benefits fromdecreasing the recovery time of the muscles following a hard trainingsession, a game or a race. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

Muscle Tuning

In another embodiment, muscle tuning according to the methods describedherein is performed by calibration of an anterior protuberance aposterior protuberance or both.

In another embodiment, a dorsi-flexor muscle is tuned according to themethods of the invention. In another embodiment, the dorsi-flexorscomprise: tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and extensorhallucis longus. In another embodiment, a plantar flexor muscle is tunedaccording to the methods of the invention. In another embodiment, theplantar-flexors comprise: gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, flexorhallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and tibialis posterior. Inanother embodiment, an evertor muscle is tuned according to the methodsof the invention. In another embodiment, the evertors comprise: peroneuslongus, peroneus brevis and peroneus tertius. In another embodiment, aninvertor muscle is tuned according to the methods of the invention. Inanother embodiment, the invertors comprise: tibialis anterior, tibialisposterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus andflexor hallucis longus. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of a dorsi-flexor is increased bycalibrating the posterior protuberance to a posterior position from theneutral position which is the balanced position (the position whereinthe device provides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to thesubject's foot). In another embodiment, an activity of a dorsi-flexor isincreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 2 mm-25 mmposteriorly from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of a dorsi-flexor is increased by calibrating the posteriorprotuberance to 5 mm-15 mm posteriorly from the balanced position. Inanother embodiment, an activity of a dorsi-flexor is increased accordingto the methods described herein by 3-50%. In another embodiment, anactivity of a dorsi-flexor is increased according to the methodsdescribed herein by 10-30%. In another embodiment, an activity of adorsi-flexor is increased as much as 30%. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of a dorsi-flexor is increased duringinitial contact of the posterior protuberance with a ground surface. Inanother embodiment, an activity of a dorsi-flexor is increased duringinitial contact. In another embodiment, an activity of a dorsi-flexor isincreased during loading response. In another embodiment, an activity ofa dorsi-flexor is increased during swing. In another embodiment, theanterior protuberance is calibrated to a higher position (1-12 mm) thanthe posterior protuberance so that the ankle is in a dorsi-flexedposition and muscle activity is increasing during swing by as much as25%. In another embodiment, an activity of a dorsi-flexor is increasedduring swing by inserting weighted spacer between the outsole and thebase of the anterior protuberance (resulting in increase of weight atthe base of the anterior protuberance) thus in response thedorsi-flexors increase their power generation in order to accomplishfoot clearance Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of a dorsi-flexor is increased byheightening the posterior protuberance. In another embodiment, anactivity of a dorsi-flexor is increased by heightening the posteriorprotuberance by 0.5 mm-15 mm. In another embodiment, an activity of adorsi-flexor is increased by heightening the posterior protuberance by 1mm-10 mm. In another embodiment, an activity of a dorsi-flexor isincreased by heightening the posterior protuberance by 2 mm-8 mm. Inanother embodiment, heightening the posterior protuberance results in aposterior protuberance which is 0.5 mm-15 mm higher than the anteriorprotuberance. In another embodiment, heightening the posteriorprotuberance results in that the ankle is in a plantar-flexed position.In another embodiment, heightening the posterior protuberance results indorsi-flexor muscle activity increase. In another embodiment,heightening the posterior protuberance results in 5-50% dorsi-flexormuscle activity increase. In another embodiment, heightening theposterior protuberance results in 10-30% dorsi-flexor muscle activityincrease. In another embodiment, heightening the posterior protuberanceresults in as much as 35% dorsi-flexor muscle activity increase. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of a plantar flexor is increased bycalibrating the posterior protuberance to an anterior position from theneutral position which is the balanced position (the position whereinthe device provides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to thesubject's foot). In another embodiment, an activity of a plantar flexoris increased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 2 mm-25 mmanteriorly from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of a plantar flexor is increased by calibrating the posteriorprotuberance to 5 mm-15 mm anteriorly from the balanced position. Inanother embodiment, an activity of a plantar flexor is increasedaccording to the methods described herein by 3-40%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of a plantar flexor is increased according tothe methods described herein by 5-25%. In another embodiment, anactivity of a dorsi-flexor is increased as much as 25%. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of a plantar flexor is increased bycalibrating the anterior protuberance to an anterior position from theneutral position which is the balanced position (the position whereinthe device provides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to thesubject's foot). In another embodiment, an activity of a plantar flexoris increased by calibrating the anterior protuberance to 0.5 mm-15 mmanteriorly from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of a plantar flexor is increased by calibrating the anteriorprotuberance to 1 mm-10 mm anteriorly from the balanced position. Inanother embodiment, an activity of a plantar flexor is increased bycalibrating the anterior protuberance to 2 mm-8 mm anteriorly from thebalanced position. In another embodiment, an activity of a plantarflexor is increased according to the methods described herein by 3-40%.In another embodiment, an activity of a plantar flexor is increasedaccording to the methods described herein by 5-25%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of a plantar-flexor is increased as much as 25%.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, an activity of a plantar-flexor is increased byheightening (raising) the anterior protuberance. In another embodiment,an activity of a plantar-flexor is increased by heightening the anteriorprotuberance by 0.5 mm-12 mm. In another embodiment, an activity of aplantar-flexor is increased by heightening the anterior protuberance by1 mm-8 mm. In another embodiment, an activity of a plantar-flexor isincreased by heightening the anterior protuberance by 1 mm-5 mm. Inanother embodiment, heightening the anterior protuberance results in ananterior protuberance which is 0.5 mm-12 mm higher than the posteriorprotuberance. In another embodiment, heightening the anteriorprotuberance results in that the ankle is in a dorsi-flexed position. Inanother embodiment, heightening the anterior protuberance results inmuscle activity increase. In another embodiment, heightening theanterior protuberance results in 5-50% plantar-flexor muscle activityincrease. In another embodiment, heightening the anterior protuberanceresults in 10-30% plantar-flexor muscle activity increase. In anotherembodiment, heightening the anterior protuberance results in as much as35% plantar-flexor muscle activity increase. Each possibility representsa separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is increased bycalibrating the posterior protuberance medially from the neutralposition which is the balanced position (the position wherein the deviceprovides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject'sfoot). In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor isincreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 0.5 mm-15 mmmedially from the balanced position. In another embodiment, an activityof an ankle evertor is increased by calibrating the posteriorprotuberance to 1 mm-10 mm medially from the balanced position. Inanother embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is increased bycalibrating the posterior protuberance to 3 mm-8 mm medially from thebalanced position. In another embodiment, an activity of an ankleevertor is increased according to the methods described herein by 3-40%.In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is increasedaccording to the methods described herein by 5-25%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is increased as much as 25%.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is increased bycalibrating the anterior protuberance medially from the neutral positionwhich is the balanced position (the position wherein the device providesa reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject's foot). Inanother embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is increased bycalibrating the anterior protuberance to 0.5 mm-25 mm medially from thebalanced position. In another embodiment, an activity of an ankleevertor is increased by calibrating the anterior protuberance to 1 mm-10mm medially from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of an ankle evertor is increased by calibrating the anteriorprotuberance to 3 mm-8 mm medially from the balanced position. Inanother embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is increasedaccording to the methods described herein by 3-40%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is increased according tothe methods described herein by 5-25%. In another embodiment, anactivity of an ankle evertor is increased as much as 25%. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is decreased bycalibrating the posterior protuberance laterally from the neutralposition which is the balanced position (the position wherein the deviceprovides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject'sfoot). In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor isdecreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 0.5 mm-25 mmlaterally from the balanced position. In another embodiment, an activityof an ankle evertor is decreased by calibrating the posteriorprotuberance to 1 mm-10 mm laterally from the balanced position. Inanother embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is decreased bycalibrating the posterior protuberance to 3 mm-8 mm laterally from thebalanced position. In another embodiment, an activity of an ankleevertor is decreased according to the methods described herein by 3-40%.In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is decreasedaccording to the methods described herein by 5-25%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is decreased as much as 25%.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is decreased bycalibrating the anterior protuberance laterally from the neutralposition which is the balanced position (the position wherein the deviceprovides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject'sfoot). In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor isdecreased by calibrating the anterior protuberance to 0.5 mm-25 mmlaterally from the balanced position. In another embodiment, an activityof an ankle evertor is decreased by calibrating the anteriorprotuberance to 1 mm-10 mm laterally from the balanced position. Inanother embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is decreased bycalibrating the anterior protuberance to 3 mm-8 mm laterally from thebalanced position. In another embodiment, an activity of an ankleevertor is decreased according to the methods described herein by 3-40%.In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is decreasedaccording to the methods described herein by 5-25%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of an ankle evertor is decreased as much as 25%.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle dorsi-flexor is decreasedby calibrating the posterior protuberance anteriorly from the neutralposition which is the balanced position (the position wherein the deviceprovides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject'sfoot). In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle dorsi-flexor isdecreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 0.5 mm-20 mmanteriorly from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of an ankle dorsi-flexor is decreased by calibrating theposterior protuberance to 1 mm-15 mm anteriorly from the balancedposition. In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle dorsi-flexor isdecreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 3 mm-8 mmanteriorly from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of an ankle dorsi-flexor is decreased according to the methodsdescribed herein by 3-40%. In another embodiment, an activity of anankle dorsi-flexor is decreased according to the methods describedherein by 5-25%. In another embodiment, an activity of an ankledorsi-flexor is decreased as much as 25%. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle dorsi-flexor is decreasedby heightening the anterior protuberance from the neutral position whichis the balanced position (the position wherein the device provides areduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject's foot). Inanother embodiment, an activity of an ankle dorsi-flexor is decreasedduring stance by heightening the anterior protuberance from the neutralposition which is the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of an ankle dorsi-flexor is decreased by increasing the heightof the anterior protuberance by 0.5-10 mm. In another embodiment, anactivity of an ankle dorsi-flexor is decreased by increasing the heightof the anterior protuberance by 1-6 mm. In another embodiment, anactivity of an ankle dorsi-flexor is decreased by increasing the heightof the anterior protuberance by 1-4. In another embodiment, an activityof an ankle dorsi-flexor is decreased according to the methods describedherein by 3-40%. In another embodiment, an activity of an ankledorsi-flexor is decreased according to the methods described herein by5-25%. In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle dorsi-flexor isdecreased as much as 25%. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle plantar-flexor isdecreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance posteriorly from theneutral position which is the balanced position (the position whereinthe device provides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to thesubject's foot). In another embodiment, an activity of an ankleplantar-flexor is decreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to0.5 mm-25 mm posteriorly from the balanced position. In anotherembodiment, an activity of an ankle plantar-flexor is decreased bycalibrating the posterior protuberance to 2 mm-15 mm posteriorly fromthe balanced position. In another embodiment, an activity of an ankleplantar-flexor is decreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to1 mm-10 mm posteriorly from the balanced position. In anotherembodiment, an activity of an ankle plantar-flexor is decreased bycalibrating the posterior protuberance to 3 mm-8 mm posteriorly from thebalanced position. In another embodiment, an activity of an ankleplantar-flexor is decreased according to the methods described herein by3-40%. In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle plantar-flexor isdecreased according to the methods described herein by 5-25%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of an ankle plantar-flexor is decreased as muchas 25%. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, an activity of the plantar-flexor is decreased byheightening the posterior protuberance from the neutral position whichis the balanced position (the position wherein the device provides areduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject's foot). Inanother embodiment, an activity of the plantar-flexor is decreased byincreasing the height of the posterior protuberance by 0.5-10 mm. Inanother embodiment, an activity of the plantar-flexor is decreased byincreasing the height of the posterior protuberance by 2-8 mm. Inanother embodiment, an activity of the plantar-flexor is decreased byincreasing the height of the posterior protuberance by 1-4 mm. Inanother embodiment, an activity of the plantar-flexor is decreasedaccording to the methods described herein by 3-40%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of the plantar-flexor is decreased according tothe methods described herein by 10-30%. In another embodiment, anactivity of the plantar-flexor is decreased as much as 35%. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle plantar-flexor isdecreased by calibrating the anterior protuberance posteriorly from theneutral position which is the balanced position (the position whereinthe device provides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to thesubject's foot). In another embodiment, an activity of an ankleplantar-flexor is decreased by calibrating the anterior protuberance to0.5 mm-25 mm posteriorly from the balanced position. In anotherembodiment, an activity of an ankle plantar-flexor is decreased bycalibrating the anterior protuberance to 2-15 mm posteriorly from thebalanced position. In another embodiment, an activity of an ankleplantar-flexor is decreased by calibrating the anterior protuberance to1-10 mm posteriorly from the balanced position. In another embodiment,an activity of an ankle plantar-flexor is decreased by calibrating theanterior protuberance to 2-8 mm posteriorly from the balanced position.In another embodiment, an activity of an ankle plantar-flexor isdecreased according to the methods described herein by 3-40%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of an ankle plantar-flexor is decreasedaccording to the methods described herein by 5-25%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of an ankle plantar-flexor is decreased as muchas 25%. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

Knee Muscles

In another embodiment, an activity of the pes anserinus muscles(sartorius semitendinosus and gracilis) is decreased by calibrating theposterior protuberance laterally from the neutral position which is thebalanced position (the position wherein the device provides a reducedinversion or a reduced eversion to the subject's foot). In anotherembodiment, an activity of the pes anserinus muscles (sartorius,semitendinosus and gracilis) is decreased by calibrating the anteriorprotuberance medially from the neutral position which is the balancedposition (the position wherein the device provides a reduced inversionor a reduced eversion to the subject's foot). In another embodiment, anactivity of the pes anserinus muscles (sartorius, semitendinosus andgracilis) is decreased by calibrating the posterior protuberancelaterally from the neutral position which is the balanced position (theposition wherein the device provides a reduced inversion or a reducedeversion to the subject's foot) and the anterior protuberance mediallyfrom the balanced position. In another embodiment, an activity of thepes anserinus muscles (sartorius, semitendinosus and gracilis) isdecreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 0.5-25 mmlaterally from the balanced position and the anterior protuberance to0.5-25 mm medially from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of the pes anserinus muscles (sartorius, semitendinosus andgracilis) is decreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 5-20mm laterally from the balanced position and the anterior protuberance to2-15 mm medially from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of the pes anserinus muscles (sartorius, semitendinosus andgracilis) is decreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 5-15mm laterally from the balanced position and the anterior protuberance to2-12 mm medially from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of the pes anserinus muscles (sartorius, semitendinosus andgracilis) is decreased according to the methods described herein by3-40%. In another embodiment, an activity of the pes anserinus muscles(sartorius, semitendinosus and gracilis) is decreased according to themethods described herein by 5-25%. In another embodiment, an activity ofthe pes anserinus muscles (Sartorius, semitendinosus and gracilis) isdecreased as much as 20%. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of the quadriceps muscle is increasedby calibrating the posterior protuberance posteriorly from the neutralposition which is the balanced position (the position wherein the deviceprovides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject'sfoot). In another embodiment, an activity of the quadriceps muscle isincreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 0.5 mm-25 mmposteriorly from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of the quadriceps muscle is increased by calibrating theposterior protuberance to 5-15 mm posteriorly from the balancedposition. In another embodiment, an activity of the quadriceps muscle isincreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 2-8 mmposteriorly from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of the quadriceps muscle is increased according to the methodsdescribed herein by 3-30%. In another embodiment, an activity of thequadriceps muscle is increased according to the methods described hereinby 5-25%. In another embodiment, an activity of the quadriceps muscle isincreased as much as 15%. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of the quadriceps muscle is increasedby heightening the posterior protuberance. In another embodiment, anactivity of the quadriceps muscle is increased by heightening theposterior protuberance by 0.5 mm-12 mm. In another embodiment, anactivity of the quadriceps muscle is increased by heightening theposterior protuberance by 1 mm-8 mm. In another embodiment, an activityof the quadriceps muscle is increased by heightening the posteriorprotuberance by 1 mm-5 mm. In another embodiment, heightening theposterior protuberance results in a posterior protuberance which is 0.5mm-12 mm higher than the anterior protuberance. In another embodiment,heightening the posterior protuberance results in that the ankle is in aplantar-flexed position. In another embodiment, heightening theposterior protuberance results in muscle activity increase. In anotherembodiment, heightening the posterior protuberance results in 5-50%quadriceps muscle activity increase. In another embodiment, heighteningthe posterior protuberance results in 10-30% quadriceps muscle activityincrease. In another embodiment, heightening the posterior protuberanceresults in as much as 35% quadriceps muscle activity increase. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of the hamstring muscle is increasedby calibrating the posterior protuberance anteriorly from the neutralposition which is the balanced position (the position wherein the deviceprovides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject'sfoot). In another embodiment, an activity of the hamstring muscle isincreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 0.5 mm-25 mmanteriorly from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of the hamstring muscle is increased by calibrating theposterior protuberance to 2-20 mm anteriorly from the balanced position.In another embodiment, an activity of the hamstring muscle is increasedby calibrating the posterior protuberance to 5-10 mm anteriorly from thebalanced position. In another embodiment, an activity of the hamstringmuscle is increased according to the methods described herein by 3-30%.In another embodiment, an activity of the hamstring muscle is increasedaccording to the methods described herein by 5-25%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of the hamstring muscle is increased as much as15%. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, an activity of the hamstring, quad and hipflexors (illiopsoas, rectus femoris) is increased by inserting aweighted spacer between the outsole and the base of the posteriorprotuberance thus enhancing the activity of the above muscles at thedeclaration stage of swing (terminal swing) and prepositioning forinitial contact stage.

In another embodiment, an activity of the medial knee muscles (vastusmedialis and vastus medialis oblique) is increased by calibrating theposterior protuberance posteriorly and laterally from the neutralposition which is the balanced position (the position wherein the deviceprovides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject'sfoot). In another embodiment, an activity of the medial knee muscles(vastus medialis and vastus medialis oblique) is increased bycalibrating the posterior protuberance to 5 mm-20 mm posteriorly and3-13 mm laterally from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of the medial knee muscles (vastus medialis and vastus medialisoblique) is increased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 5mm-15 mm posteriorly and 5-10 mm laterally from the balanced position.In another embodiment, an activity of the medial knee muscles (vastusmedialis and vastus medialis oblique) is increased according to themethods described herein by 3-30%. In another embodiment, an activity ofthe medial knee muscles (vastus medialis and vastus medialis oblique) isincreased according to the methods described herein by 5-25%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of the medial knee muscles (vastus medialis andvastus medialis oblique) is increased as much as 15%. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of the lateral knee muscles (vastuslateralis) is increased by calibrating the posterior protuberanceposteriorly and medially from the neutral position which is the balancedposition (the position wherein the device provides a reduced inversionor a reduced eversion to the subject's foot). In another embodiment, anactivity of the lateral knee muscles (vastus lateralis) is increased bycalibrating the posterior protuberance to 5 mm-20 mm posteriorly and3-13 mm medially from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of the lateral knee muscles (vastus lateralis) is increased bycalibrating the posterior protuberance to 5 mm-15 mm posteriorly and5-10 mm medially from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of the lateral knee muscles (vastus lateralis) is increasedaccording to the methods described herein by 3-30%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of the lateral knee muscles (vastus lateralis)is increased according to the methods described herein by 5-25%. Inanother embodiment, an activity of the lateral knee muscles (vastuslateralis) is increased as much as 15%. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of the knee flexor muscles(gastrocnemius and hamstrings) is increased by heightening the anteriorprotuberance. In another embodiment, an activity of the knee flexormuscles (gastrocnemius and hamstrings) is increased by heightening theanterior protuberance by 0.5 mm-12 mm. In another embodiment, anactivity of the knee flexor muscles (gastrocnemius and hamstrings) isincreased by heightening the anterior protuberance by 1 mm-8 mm. Inanother embodiment, an activity of the knee flexor muscles(gastrocnemius and hamstrings) is increased by heightening the anteriorprotuberance by 1 mm-5 mm. In another embodiment, heightening theanterior protuberance results in an anterior protuberance which is 0.5mm-12 mm higher than the posterior protuberance. In another embodiment,heightening the anterior protuberance results in that the ankle is in adorsi-flexed position. In another embodiment, heightening the anteriorprotuberance results in muscle activity increase. In another embodiment,heightening the anterior protuberance results in 5-50% knee flexormuscles (gastrocnemius and hamstrings) activity increase. In anotherembodiment, heightening the anterior protuberance results in 10-30% kneeflexor muscles (gastrocnemius and hamstrings) activity increase. Inanother embodiment, heightening the anterior protuberance results in asmuch as 35% knee flexor muscles (gastrocnemius and hamstrings) activityincrease. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of the quadriceps muscle is decreasedby calibrating the posterior protuberance anteriorly from the neutralposition which is the balanced position (the position wherein the deviceprovides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject'sfoot). In another embodiment, an activity of the quadriceps muscle isdecreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 0.5 mm-25 mmanteriorly from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of the quadriceps muscle is decreased by calibrating theposterior protuberance to 5-15 mm anteriorly from the balanced position.In another embodiment, an activity of the quadriceps muscle is decreasedby calibrating the posterior protuberance to 2-8 mm anteriorly from thebalanced position. In another embodiment, an activity of the quadricepsmuscle is decreased according to the methods described herein by 3-30%.In another embodiment, an activity of the quadriceps muscle is decreasedaccording to the methods described herein by 5-25%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of the quadriceps muscle is decreased as much as15%. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, an activity of the hamstring muscle is decreasedby calibrating the posterior protuberance posteriorly from the neutralposition which is the balanced position (the position wherein the deviceprovides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject'sfoot). In another embodiment, an activity of the hamstring muscle isdecreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 0.5 mm-25 mmposteriorly from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of the hamstring muscle is decreased by calibrating theposterior protuberance to 5-20 mm posteriorly from the balancedposition. In another embodiment, an activity of the hamstring muscle isdecreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 7-15 mmposteriorly from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of the hamstring muscle is decreased according to the methodsdescribed herein by 3-30%. In another embodiment, an activity of thehamstring muscle is decreased according to the methods described hereinby 5-25%. In another embodiment, an activity of the hamstring muscle isdecreased as much as 15%. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of the medial knee muscles (vastusmedialis and vastus medialis oblique) is decreased by calibrating theposterior protuberance anteriorly and medially from the neutral positionwhich is the balanced position (the position wherein the device providesa reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject's foot). Inanother embodiment, an activity of the medial knee muscles (vastusmedialis and vastus medialis oblique) is decreased by calibrating theposterior protuberance to 5 mm-20 mm anteriorly and 3-13 mm mediallyfrom the balanced position. In another embodiment, an activity of themedial knee muscles (vastus medialis and vastus medialis oblique) isdecreased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 5 mm-15 mmanteriorly and 5-10 mm medially from the balanced position. In anotherembodiment, an activity of the medial knee muscles (vastus medialis andvastus medialis oblique) is decreased according to the methods describedherein by 3-30%. In another embodiment, an activity of the medial kneemuscles (vastus medialis and vastus medialis oblique) is decreasedaccording to the methods described herein by 5-25%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of the medial knee muscles (vastus medialis andvastus medialis oblique) is decreased as much as 15%. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of the lateral knee muscles (vastuslateralis) is decreased by calibrating the posterior protuberanceanteriorly and laterally from the neutral position which is the balancedposition (the position wherein the device provides a reduced inversionor a reduced eversion to the subject's foot). In another embodiment, anactivity of the lateral knee muscles (vastus lateralis) is decreased bycalibrating the posterior protuberance to 5 mm-20 mm anteriorly and 3-13mm laterally from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of the lateral knee muscles (vastus lateralis) is decreased bycalibrating the posterior protuberance to 5 mm-15 mm anteriorly and 5-10mm laterally from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of the lateral knee muscles (vastus lateralis) is decreasedaccording to the methods described herein by 3-30%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of the lateral knee muscles (vastus lateralis)is decreased according to the methods described herein by 5-25%. Inanother embodiment, an activity of the lateral knee muscles (vastuslateralis) is decreased as much as 15%. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of the hamstring muscle is decreasedby heightening the posterior protuberance. In another embodiment, anactivity of the hamstring muscle is decreased by heightening theposterior protuberance by 0.5 mm-12 mm. In another embodiment, anactivity of the hamstring muscle is decreased by heightening theposterior protuberance by 1 mm-8 mm. In another embodiment, an activityof the hamstring muscle is decreased by heightening the posteriorprotuberance by 1 mm-5 mm. In another embodiment, heightening theposterior protuberance results in a posterior protuberance which is 0.5mm-12 mm higher than the anterior protuberance. In another embodiment,heightening the posterior protuberance results in that the ankle is in aplantar-flexed position. In another embodiment, heightening theposterior protuberance results in muscle activity decreased. In anotherembodiment, heightening the posterior protuberance results in 5-50%hamstring muscle activity decreased. In another embodiment, heighteningthe posterior protuberance results in 10-30% hamstring muscle activitydecreased. In another embodiment, heightening the posterior protuberanceresults in as much as 35% hamstring muscle activity decreased. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, heightening the anterior protuberance results indecreased activity of the quadriceps. In another embodiment, an activityof the quadriceps muscle is decreased by heightening the anteriorprotuberance. In another embodiment, an activity of the quadricepsmuscle is decreased by heightening the anterior protuberance by 0.5mm-12 mm. In another embodiment, an activity of the quadriceps muscle isdecreased by heightening the anterior protuberance by 1 mm-8 mm. Inanother embodiment, an activity of the quadriceps muscle is decreased byheightening the anterior protuberance by 1 mm-5 mm. In anotherembodiment, heightening the anterior protuberance results in 5-50%quadriceps muscle activity decreased. In another embodiment, heighteningthe anterior protuberance results in 10-30% quadriceps muscle activitydecreased. In another embodiment, heightening the anterior protuberanceresults in as much as 35% quadriceps muscle activity decreased. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Hip Muscles

In another embodiment, hip extensors comprise: gluteus maximus,posterior gluteus medius, biceps femoris, semitendinosus andsemimembranosus. In another embodiment, hip abductors comprise: gluteusmedius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia lata. In another embodiment,hip external rotators comprise: piriformis, quadrates femoris, obturatorinternus obturator extemus, gemellus superior and gemellus inferior.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, hip felxors comprise: illiacus, rectus femoris,tensor fascia lata, psoas major and psoas minor. In another embodiment,an activity of a hip abductors and external rotator muscle is increasedby calibrating the posterior protuberance medially from the neutralposition which is the balanced position (the position wherein the deviceprovides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject'sfoot). In another embodiment, an activity of a hip external rotatormuscle is increased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 0.5mm-25 mm medially from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of a hip external rotator muscle is increased by calibratingthe posterior protuberance to 2-20 mm medially from the balancedposition. In another embodiment, an activity of a hip external rotatormuscle is increased by calibrating the posterior protuberance to 5-10 mmmedially from the balanced position. In another embodiment, an activityof a hip external rotator muscle is increased according to the methodsdescribed herein by 3-30%. In another embodiment, an activity of a hipexternal rotator muscle is increased according to the methods describedherein by 5-25%. In another embodiment, an activity of a hip externalrotator muscle is increased according to the methods described herein by5-10%. In another embodiment, an activity of a hip external rotatormuscle is increased as much as 15%. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, an activity of a hip extensor muscle is increasedby expanding the height of the anterior protuberance from the neutralposition which is the balanced position (the position wherein the deviceprovides a reduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject'sfoot). In another embodiment, expanding the height of the anteriorprotuberance over the height of the posterior protuberance induces theankle to be in a dorsi-flexed position. In another embodiment, anactivity of a hip extensor muscle is increased by expanding the heightof the anterior protuberance by 0.5-15 mm from the balanced position. Inanother embodiment, an activity of a hip extensor muscle is increased byexpanding the height of the anterior protuberance by 2-12 mm from thebalanced position. In another embodiment, an activity of a hip extensormuscle is increased by expanding the height of the anterior protuberanceby 4-10 mm from the balanced position. In another embodiment, anactivity of a hip extensor muscle is increased according to the methodsdescribed herein by 3-30%. In another embodiment, an activity of a hipextensor muscle is increased according to the methods described hereinby 5-25%. In another embodiment, an activity of a hip extensor muscle isincreased according to the methods described herein by 5-10%. In anotherembodiment, an activity of a hip extensor muscle is increased as much as15%. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, an activity of a hip abductor muscle is increasedby increasing the weight in the posterior protuberance (via a discshaped spacer) thus shifting the balance from the neutral position whichis the balanced position (the position wherein the device provides areduced inversion or a reduced eversion to the subject's foot). Inanother embodiment, an activity of a hip abductor muscle is increased byadding a weight (spacer) of 2-500 g to the posterior. protuberance. Inanother embodiment, an activity of a hip abductor muscle is increased byadding a weight (spacer) of 5-250 g to the posterior protuberance. Inanother embodiment, an activity of a hip abductor muscle is increased byadding a weight (spacer) of 2-12 g to the posterior protuberance. Inanother embodiment, an activity of a hip abductor muscle is increased byadding a weight (spacer) of 50-100 g to the posterior protuberance. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, tuning is measured by an electromyogram (EMG). Inanother embodiment, increasing muscle activity is strengthening amuscle. In another embodiment, muscle strengthening is measured byconventional tests. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment ofthe present invention.

In another embodiment, FIGS. 16A-16-D present the EMG findings of theperoneus brevis and the tibialis anterior measured in a healthy subjectwalking at a comfortable speed with the system in various calibrations(detailed herein). In another embodiment, each of the EMG graphs shouldbe viewed from left to right. The Y axis represents the muscleselectrical activity as measured by the EMG device. The X axis representspercent of he gait cycle, starting at the initial contact phase. Thevertical dark line at 60% of the gait cycle represents the end of stancephase and the beginning of swing phase.

In another embodiment, comparison of 16A and 16B revealed that the EMGactivity of the tibialis anterior muscle in a dorsi-flexed position isgreater during swing. In another embodiment, a visual comparison offigures C and D revealed that the peroneus brevis is far more active ina medial calibration than in the lateral calibration.

In another embodiment, provided herein a method based on the notion thatcalibration of a protuberance supporting an area under a subject footcomprises a muscle tuning effect and/or therapeutic effect as describedherein. In another embodiment, calibrating a protuberance whichcomprises calibrating convexity, calibrating height, calibrating weight,calibrating position, or any combination thereof comprises a muscletuning effect and/or therapeutic effect according to the methodsdescribed herein. Calibrating both an anterior protuberance and aposterior protuberance, in a subject in need thereof, according to theembodiments of the invention comprises a muscle tuning effect and/ortherapeutic effect according to the methods described herein. In anotherembodiment, placement and calibration of a protuberance comprises theinduction of a differential interference during gait or walking whichprovides a favorable a muscle tuning effect and/or therapeutic effectaccording to the methods described herein. In another embodiment, theterm “interference” comprises disturbance, interruption, interposition,perturbation, obstruction, or any combination thereof. In anotherembodiment, the ability to fine-tune an induced interference under afoot of a subject enables muscle tuning In another embodiment, providedherein a method of treating a patient suffering from musculoskeletalpain in the lower limb by specific placement of at least two calibrated,differential disturbances or protuberances under the patient's feet. Inanother embodiment, the terms “patient” and “subject” are usedinterchangeably. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment ofthe present invention.

In another embodiment, provided herein that the posterior protuberanceis a bulbous protuberance. In another embodiment, provided herein thatthe anterior protuberance is a bulbous protuberance. In anotherembodiment, provided herein that both the posterior protuberance and theanterior protuberance are bulbous protuberances. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, provided herein a method of tuning a muscleand/or treating a subject afflicted with a lower limb joint pathologysuch as but not limited to a lower limb osteoarthritis comprises thesteps of: securing a device to a subject's foot, whereby the devicecomprises a foot securing mean, a support member operably attached tothe securing mean, and a moveable anterior protuberance and a moveableposterior protuberance; calibrating the posterior protuberance and theanterior protuberance to a balanced position, the balanced positioncomprises a position whereby the device provides a reduced inversion ora reduced eversion to the subject's foot during the stance phases; andfixing the posterior protuberance and the anterior protuberance to thesupport member in the balanced position. In another embodiment, lowerlimb osteoarthritis is hip osteoarthritis. In another embodiment, lowerlimb osteoarthritis is ankle osteoarthritis. In another embodiment,lower limb osteoarthritis is foot osteoarthritis. In another embodiment,lower limb osteoarthritis is knee osteoarthritis. In another embodiment,the device provides controllable inversion or a controllable eversion.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises: a lowerlimb joint disease, a lower limb joint degenerative disease, a lowerlimb degenerative disease, a lower limb musculoskeletal pathology, alower limb musculoskeletal trauma, a lower limb musculoskeletal disease,lower limb osteoarthritis, or any combination thereof. In anotherembodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is associated with lower limbmusculoskeletal pain.

In another embodiment, a subject is a human subject. In anotherembodiment, a subject is a human subject afflicted with a lower limbjoint pathology. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology isa hip, an ankle, a foot, or a knee degenerative joint disease. Inanother embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises adegenerative joint disease such as osteoarthritis. In anotherembodiment, a degenerative joint disease is lower limb osteoarthritis.In another embodiment, a degenerative joint disease is kneeosteoarthritis. In another embodiment, a hip, an ankle, a foot, or aknee osteoarthritis is primary osteoarthritis. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a degenerative joint disease is footosteoarthritis. In another embodiment, a degenerative joint disease iship osteoarthritis. In another embodiment, osteoarthritis is secondaryosteoarthritis. In another embodiment, knee osteoarthritis is secondaryknee osteoarthritis. In another embodiment, classification into eitherprimary or secondary depends on if there is or is not an identifiableunderlying cause. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment ofthe present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is patellarcompression. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology isjoint line tenderness. In another embodiment, a lower limb jointpathology is joint line effusion. In another embodiment, a lower limbjoint pathology is prepatellar bursitis. In another embodiment, a lowerlimb joint pathology is infrapatellar tendonitis. In another embodiment,tendonitis includes tendinosis, degenerative changes in the tendon orany pain arising from the tendon. In another embodiment, a lower limbjoint pathology is pain and/or tenderness in any patellar or prepatellaranatomical structure. Each possibility represents a separate embodimentof the present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is a lower limbdegenerative joint disease. In another embodiment, a lower limb jointpathology is medial tibiofemoral/lateral tibiofemoral/patella-femoralosteoarthritis (OA) or any combination thereof (primary or secondary).In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is Pes-anserinusbursitis. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology isPes-anserinus tendinosis. In another embodiment, a lower limb jointpathology is characterized by anterior knee pain and/or patello-femoralpain. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is a meniscaltear (both degenerative and traumatic). In another embodiment, a lowerlimb joint pathology is ligament tear/partial tear/strain/postreconstruction (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL), or any combination thereof. Inanother embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology includes pre/postarthroplasty including total, hemi, or resurfacing and use of themethods as described herein. In another embodiment, a lower limb jointpathology is tibial plateau fracture. In another embodiment, a lowerlimb joint pathology is a patellar fracture. In another embodiment, alower limb joint pathology is osteonecrosis (both in the tibia andfemur). In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is Patelartendonitis. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology isOsgood schlatter. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathologycomprises post lower limb surgery. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is knee replacement.In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is hip replacement.In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is hip resurfacing.In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is Trochantericbursitis. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprisesnecrosis within the lower limb joint. In another embodiment, a lowerlimb joint pathology comprises hip fracture, both with and withoutsurgical fixation. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathologycomprises developmental dysplasia of the hip. In another embodiment, alower limb joint pathology comprises Tendonitis/tendinosis of the hip.In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprisesimpingement of the hip. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprisesOsteochondritis dissecans of the foot or ankle. In another embodiment, alower limb joint pathology comprises acute or chronic instability of thefoot or ankle. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathologycomprises Ligament Sprain, tear, and/or repair within a joint of thefoot or ankle. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathologycomprises a foot or ankle fracture. In another embodiment, a lower limbjoint pathology comprises Plantar Fascitis. In another embodiment, alower limb joint pathology comprises Tibialis posterior insufficiencyand/or dysfunction. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathologycomprises a pronating foot. In another embodiment, a lower limb jointpathology comprises a supinating foot. In another embodiment, a lowerlimb joint pathology comprises of pes planus or pes cavus. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprisesilio-tibial band (ITB) syndrome. In another embodiment, a lower limbjoint pathology comprises hyper-laxity or hypermobility. In anotherembodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises muscular atrophy. Inanother embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises tumors withina lower limb. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathologycomprises tumors which affect a joint of the lower limb. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

This invention provides, in another embodiment, a method of treating alower limb pathology comprising the step of tuning a lower limb skeletalmuscle in a subject suffering from a lower limb pathology, whereintuning a lower limb skeletal muscle comprises the steps of: (a) Securinga device to a subject's foot, whereby the device comprises a footsecuring mean, a support member operably attached to the securing mean,and a moveable anterior protuberance and a moveable posteriorprotuberance; (b) calibrating the posterior protuberance and theanterior protuberance to: (1) a balanced position, the balanced positioncomprises a position whereby the device provides a reduced inversion ora reduced eversion to the subject's foot during the stance phases; and(2) a muscle tuning position; and (c) fixing the posterior protuberanceand the anterior protuberance to the support member.

In another embodiment, the methods are directed to treating a lower limbpathology that is treatable according to the invention by differentialmuscle tuning. In another embodiment, the methods are directed totreating a lower limb pathology that is at least partially treatable(may involve additional treatments that are known to one of skill in theart (surgery, medication, etc.)) according to the invention bydifferential muscle tuning. In another embodiment, the resultant tuningof a muscle or muscles described here forth represent the desired tuningachieved by the method of the invention.

In another embodiment, foot osteoarthritis requires tuning the tibialisanterior (increased or decreased activity) depending on the subject andin which activity of the gastrocnemius and soleus are tuned depending onthe subject or any or all of the above. In another embodiment, adegenerative joint disease is hip osteoarthritis in which the activityof the hamstrings and quadriceps are increased during late swing andprepositioning for initial contact. In another embodiment,osteoarthritis is secondary osteoarthritis in which muscular activity istuned according to the afflicted joint. In another embodiment, kneeosteoarthritis is secondary knee osteoarthritis in which the activity ofthe quadriceps is to be increased and the activity of the hamstrings andpes anserinus muscles is to be decreased.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is patellarcompression in which the activity of the quadriceps is decreased or inwhich the activity of the vastus lateralis is decreased or in which theactivity of the vastus medialis (vastus medialis oblique) is increasedor any combination thereof. In another embodiment, a lower limb jointpathology is joint line effusion in which the activity of variousmuscles is increased differentially according to the medical examination(due to muscle inhibition). In another embodiment, a lower limb jointpathology is prepatellar tendinosis in which the activity of thequadriceps is decreased or in which the timing of quadriceps is alteredor any or both of the above. In another embodiment, a lower limb jointpathology is pain and/or tenderness in any patellar or prepatellaranatomical structure in which the activity of the quadricps is decreasedor in which the activity of the vastus lateralis is decreased or inwhich the activity of the vastus medialis (vastus medialis oblique) isincreased or any combination thereof. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is a lower limbdegenerative joint disease in which the activity of various muscles istuned depending on the afflicted joint. In another embodiment, a lowerlimb joint pathology is medial tibio-femoral osteoarthritis (OA) inwhich the activity of the quadriceps is increased and the activity ofthe hamstrings and pes anserinus muscles is decreased. In anotherembodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is lateral tibio-femoralosteoarthritis in which the activity of the medial knee muscles, hipabductors and/or hip external rotators is increased. In anotherembodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is patello-femoral OA in whichthe activity of the quadriceps is decreased or in which the activity ofthe vastus lateralis is decreased or in which the activity of the vastusmedialis (vastus medialis oblique) is increased or any combinationthereof.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is Pes-anserinusbursitis in which the activity of the pes anserinus muscles is reduced.In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is characterized byanterior knee pain and/or patello-femoral pain in which the activity ofthe quadriceps is decreased or hi which the activity of the vastuslateralis is decreased or in which the activity of the vastus medialis(vastus medialis oblique) is increased and in which the activity of thehip abductors and external rotators is increased or any combinationthereof.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is a meniscal tear(both degenerative and traumatic) in which the activity of thehamstrings is reduced. In another embodiment, a lower limb jointpathology is ligament tear/partial tear/strain/post reconstruction (ACL,PCL, MCL, LCL) in which the timing of various muscles is tuned or theactivity of the hamstrings is increased and in which the activity of thequadriceps is reduced, or any combination thereof. In anotherembodiment, a lower limb joint pathology includes pre/post arthroplastyincluding total, hemi, or resurfacing and use of the methods asdescribed herein in which the differential timing of activity of variousmuscles throughout the operated lower limb is tuned or in which thedifferential activity of various muscles throughout the operated lowerlimb is increased or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, alower limb joint pathology is tibial plateau fracture in which theactivity of the quadriceps is increased or the activity of thehamstrings is decreased or the activity of the hip abductors isincreased, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, a lowerlimb joint pathology is osteonecrosis (both in the proximal tibia anddistal femur or proximal femur) in which the activity of the hamstringsis reduced or the activity of the quadriceps is increased or theactivity or the timing of various muscles in the lower limb is tuned orany combination thereof. In another embodiment, a lower limb jointpathology is patellar tendinosis in which the activity of the quadricepsis decreased or in which the activity of the vastus lateralis isdecreased or in which the activity of the vastus medialis (vastusmedialis oblique) is increased or any combination thereof.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is Osgood Schlatterin which the activity of the quadriceps is reduced. In anotherembodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises post lower limbsurgery in which the timing of various muscles in the lower limb istuned or the activity of various muscles in the lower limb is increasedor in which the activity of various muscles in the lower limb isdecreased or any combination thereof depending on the type of surgery aswill be readily understood, in view of this disclosure, by one of skillin the art. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is hip replacementin which the activity of the hip abductors is increased or in which thetiming of various muscles in the lower limb is tuned or any combinationthereof. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology is hipresurfacing in which the activity of the hip abductors is increased orin which the timing of various muscles in the lower limb is tuned or anycombination thereof. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathologyis Trochanteric bursitis in which the activity of the hip abductors andtensor fascia lata is reduced or in which the timing of the hipabductors and tensor fascia lata is tuned or any combination thereof. Inanother embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises necrosiswithin the lower limb joint in which the timing of various muscles inthe lower limb is tuned or the activity of various muscles in the lowerlimb is increased or in which the activity of various muscles in thelower limb is decreased or any combination thereof depending on theafflicted bone. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathologycomprises hip fracture in which the activity of the hip abductors andexternal rotators are increased. In another embodiment, a lower limbjoint pathology comprises developmental dysplasia of the hip in whichthe activity of the hip abductors and external rotators are increased.In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprisesTendonitis/tendinosis of the hip in which the activity of various hipmuscles is increased, decreased or the timing of these muscles is tunedor any combination thereof. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprisesOsteochondritis dissecans of the foot or ankle in which the activity ofthe plantar-flexors is decreased or the timing of the plantar-flexors istuned or the activity of the dorsi-flexors is increased or the timing ofthe activity of the dorsi-flexors is tuned, or any combination thereof.In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises acute orchronic instability of the foot or ankle in which the activity of theevertors is decreased or in which the timing of the evertors is tuned orin which the activity of the invertors is increased, or any combinationthereof. In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprisesligament Sprain, tear, and/or repair within a joint of the foot or anklein which the activity of various foot and ankle muscles are increased ordecreased or the timing of the activity of various foot and anklemuscles is tuned or any combination thereof depending on the type ofligament Sprain, tear, and/or repair.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises PlantarFascitis in which the activity of the plantar-flexors is decreased. Inanother embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology comprises Tibialisposterior insufficiency and/or dysfunction in which the timing of theactivity of the invertors is tuned or the activity of the invertors isincreased or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, a lowerlimb joint pathology comprises a pronating foot in which the timing ofthe invertors is tuned or the activity of the invertors is increased orany combination thereof. In another embodiment, a lower limb jointpathology comprises of pes planus in which the timing of the activity ofthe invertors is tuned or the activity of the invertors is increased orany combination thereof. In another embodiment, a lower limb jointpathology comprises of pes cavus in which the timing of the activity ofthe invertors is tuned or the activity of the evertors is increased orany combination thereof. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb joint pathology compriseshyper-laxity or hypermobility in which the activity of various musclesin the lower limb is increased or the timing of various muscles in thelower limb is tuned or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, alower limb joint pathology comprises muscular atrophy in which theactivity of various muscles in the lower limb is increased depending onthe atrophied muscle. In another embodiment, a lower limb jointpathology comprises tumors within a lower limb in which the timing ofvarious muscles in the lower limb is tuned or the activity of variousmuscles in the lower limb is increased or in which the activity ofvarious muscles in the lower limb is decreased or any combinationthereof depending on the afflicted tissue. In another embodiment, alower limb joint pathology comprises tumors which affect a joint of thelower limb in which the timing of various muscles in the lower limb istuned or the activity of various muscles in the lower limb is increasedor in which the activity of various muscles in the lower limb isdecreased or any combination thereof depending on the afflicted joint.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention

In another embodiment, the current invention can be used for performanceenhancement in athletes. In another embodiment, athletes training causeconstant muscle straining. In another embodiment, strained muscles aretuned according to the invention by tuning the timing of suchmuscles—task specific tuning (i.e. for running, for jumping, etc.). Inanother embodiment, athletes exercise with a device of the invention. Inanother embodiment, a device of the invention significantly recoverytime following intense training, competitive event, or injury bycalibrating the device to a configuration which decreases the activityof the injured or overworked muscle (and therefore promotes rest andrecovery of strained muscles).

In another embodiment, the current methods are utilized as preventivemeasures. In another embodiment, the current methods are utilized forthe prevention of injuries in subjects susceptible for lower limb jointpathology or lower limb musculoskeletal pathology. In anotherembodiment, such subjects are elderly subjects in which the timing ofvarious lower limb muscles needs to be tuned or that the activity ofvarious lower limb muscles needs to be increased or any combinationthereof. In another embodiment, the muscles which need to be tuned mayvary according to the subject's musculoskeletal condition. In anotherembodiment, such subjects are subjects whose daily activities requireprolonged standing (surgeons, airline cabin crew members, cooks etc.)which harm the lower limbs. In another embodiment, the use of a deviceof the invention by subjects whose daily activities require prolongedstanding can compensate or prevent lower limb musculoskeletalpathologies and induce proper gait cycle.

In another embodiment, muscle tuning and/or treating or treatmentaccording to the invention comprises diminishing, alleviating, reducing,inhibiting, improving, reversing, and/or ameliorating: pain, stiffness,swelling, inflammation, cartilage degeneration, osteophytes, narrowingof joint space, effusion, muscular atrophy, deterioration ofneuro-muscular control, deterioration of proprioception, bracing,pathological moments, restricted range of motion, excessive range ofmotion, gait disorders, limping, compensatory gait, antalgic gait,asymmetry in gait, guarding of muscles, loosening of ligaments,loosening of joint capsule, stretching of ligaments, stretching of jointcapsule, reduced step length, reduced single limb support, increasedsingle limb support, reduced gait velocity, or any combination thereof.In another embodiment, treating or treatment according to the inventioncomprises diminishing, alleviating, reducing, inhibiting, improving,reversing, and/or ameliorating bone marrow edema, lesions, subchondralbone changes, softening of cartilage, fibriling and thinning ofcartilage, ebonization of the bone, or any combination thereof. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, muscle tuning and/or treating comprise performinga variety of maneuvers in a proprioceptive and/or kinesthetic exerciseplan for the foot, lower and upper leg, low back and even upper torsoand other body parts and organs. In another embodiment muscle tuningand/or treating comprise performing a variety of walking and or gaitexercise plan for the lower foot, upper leg and even upper torso andother body parts and organs. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the subject is suffering from pain stemming froma lower limb joint pathology. In another embodiment, the subject issuffering from pain, a joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, locking, aneffusion, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the subjectis suffering from a decreased movement secondary to pain. In anotherembodiment, the subject is suffering from regional muscles atrophy. Inanother embodiment, the subject is suffering from lax ligaments. Inanother embodiment, the subject is suffering from crackling noise(“crepitus”) when the affected joint is moved or touched. In anotherembodiment, the subject is suffering from muscle spasm. In anotherembodiment, the subject is suffering from tendons contractions. Inanother embodiment, the methods as described alleviate a painful joint.In another embodiment, the methods as described treat the underlyingcauses of joint pain. Each possibility represents a separate embodimentof the present invention.

Osteoarthritis

In another embodiment, the subject is suffering from osteoarthritis. Inanother embodiment, the subject is suffering from lower limbsosteoarthritis. In another embodiment, the subject is suffering fromhips osteoarthritis. In another embodiment, the subject is sufferingfrom feet osteoarthritis. In another embodiment, the subject issuffering from a joint effusion (water on the knee in lay terms). Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the subject is at risk of being afflicted withosteoarthritis. In another embodiment, the subject is exposed toelevated mechanical stress on the joints. In another embodiment, thesubject is afflicted with misalignments of bones caused by congenital orpathogenic causes. In another embodiment, the subject is overweight orobese. In another embodiment, the subject suffers from loss of strengthin muscles supporting joints, impairment of peripheral nerves,uncoordinated movements that overstress joints, ligaments, muscles,tendons, or any combination thereof. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the subject is afflicted with osteophytes. Inanother embodiment, the methods as described herein inhibit narrowing ofthe joint space. In another embodiment, the methods as described hereinexpand the joint space. In another embodiment, the methods as describedherein inhibit increased subchondral bone density. In anotherembodiment, the methods as described herein increase the water contentof the cartilage. In another embodiment, the methods as described hereinincrease proteoglycan content of the cartilage. In another embodiment,the methods as described herein inhibit inflammation of the surroundingjoint capsule. In another embodiment, the methods as described hereininhibit “spurs” or osteophytes that form on the margins of the joints.In another embodiment, the methods as described herein are used as aprevention measure for subjects at risk of being afflicted withosteoarthritis. In another embodiment, subjects at risk of beingafflicted with osteoarthritis are subjects of whose siblings areafflicted with osteoarthritis. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, osteoarthritis is primary generalized nodalosteoarthritis. In another embodiment, osteoarthritis is erosiveosteoarthritis. In another embodiment, osteoarthritis is inflammatoryosteoarthritis. In another embodiment, osteoarthritis is secondaryosteoarthritis that is caused by other factors but the resultingpathology is the same as for primary osteoarthritis. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, lower limb osteoarthritis (OA) is characterizedby pain, stiffness, swelling, inflammation, cartilage degeneration,osteophytes, narrowing of joint space, restricted range of motion,effusion, muscular atrophy, deterioration of neuro-muscular control,deterioration of proprioception, bracing, pathological moments, gaitdisorders, limping, compensatory gait, antalgic gait, asymmetry in gait,guarding of muscles, loosening of ligaments, loosening of joint capsule,stretching of ligaments, stretching of joint capsule, reduced steplength, or any combination thereof. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

Lower Limb Musculoskeletal Pain

In another embodiment, muscle tuning according to the methods describedherein alleviates and/or reduces pain in a lower limb. In anotherembodiment, muscle tuning according to the methods described hereininhibits or reduces inflammation in a lower limb.

In another embodiment, “pain” as used herein comprises a sharp ache. Inanother embodiment, “pain” as used herein comprises a burning sensationin the associate muscles and tendons. In another embodiment, “pain” asused herein comprises continuous pain. In another embodiment, “pain” asused herein comprises is a momentary pain. In another embodiment, “pain”as used herein comprises seasonal pain (winter, summer or change ofweather). In another embodiment, “pain” as used herein comprisesactivity specific pain such as sports or any other physical activityrelated pain. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, provided herein a method of treating a subjectafflicted with a lower limb musculoskeletal pain comprising the stepsof: steps of: securing a device to the subject's foot, whereby thedevice comprises a foot securing mean, a support member operablyattached to the securing mean, and a moveable anterior protuberance anda moveable posterior protuberance; calibrating the posteriorprotuberance and the anterior protuberance to: (1) a balanced position,the balanced position comprises: a position whereby the device providesa minimal inversion or a minimal eversion to the subject's foot duringthe stance phases; (2) a minimal lower limb musculoskeletal related painposition; and (3) muscle tuning position; and fixing the posteriorprotuberance and the anterior protuberance to the support member. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.In another embodiment, the term “minimal” comprises reduced or least.

In another embodiment, provided herein a method of treating a subjectafflicted with a lower limb musculoskeletal pain comprising the stepsof: steps of: securing a device to the subject's foot, whereby thedevice comprises a foot securing mean, a support member operablyattached to the securing mean, and a moveable anterior protuberance anda moveable posterior protuberance; calibrating the posteriorprotuberance and the anterior protuberance to: (1) a balanced position,the balanced position comprises: a position whereby the device providesa controlled inversion or a controlled eversion to the subject's footduring the stance phases; (2) a minimal lower limb musculoskeletalrelated pain position; and (3) a muscle tuning position; and fixing theposterior protuberance and the anterior protuberance to the supportmember. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, lower limb musculoskeletal pain comprisesanterior knee pain. In another embodiment, lower limb musculoskeletalpain comprises patella-femoral knee pain. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain arises from twotypes of trauma, acute trauma and cumulative (overuse) trauma. Inanother embodiment, acute traumas occur when the load imposed on thebody during a task exceeds the tolerance of the body structuressupporting it. In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal painis associated with large single loading conditions. In anotherembodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is a violent lateralimpact on a joint such as but not limited to the knee. In anotherembodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is an infrequent extremeforce exertion on a joint. In another embodiment, overuse trauma, occurswhen the load imposed on the body during a task is not large enough tocause sudden failure of one or other of the underlying body structures(bone, the muscles, tendons and ligaments) but instead these structuresare worn down and their tolerance lowered with repeated application ofthe load. In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain iscaused by “wear and tear” on the bodily structures. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain arises fromstress fractures and shin splints. In another embodiment, a lower limbmusculoskeletal pain arises from ankle and metacarpal fractures (acuteinjuries). In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal painarises from bursitis. In another embodiment, a lower limbmusculoskeletal pain arises from rheumatism. In another embodiment, alower limb musculoskeletal pain arises from cartilage tear. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is aconsequence of lower limb osteoarthritis. In another embodiment, a lowerlimb musculoskeletal pain is a consequence of Piriformis syndrome. Inanother embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is a consequenceof Trochanteritis. In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletalpain is sacroiliac pain. In another embodiment, a lower limbmusculoskeletal pain causes palpable tenderness of the trochanter major.In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is caused byhamstring muscle strain. In another embodiment, a lower limbmusculoskeletal pain is caused by hamstring injuries. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is a directconsequence of bursitis. In another embodiment, a lower limbmusculoskeletal pain is a direct consequence of a beat knee(Hyperkeratosis). In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletalpain is a direct consequence of a meniscal lesion. In anotherembodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is a direct consequence ofmeniscal damage. In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletalpain is a direct consequence of a degenerative joint disease. In anotherembodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is a direct consequence ofa lower limb degenerative joint disease. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is a directconsequence of bursitis (Adventitious, pre-patellar, etc). In anotherembodiment, bursitis develops in response to frictional stress that isapplied directly over the bursa of the knees. In another embodiment,bursitis is pyogenic bursitis. In another embodiment, a lower limbmusculoskeletal pain is associated with tenderness and swelling over thepatella. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is a directconsequence of meniscal lesions and/or damage. In another embodiment,meniscal lesions/damage usually occurs due to high rates of force beingapplied to the knee, or heavy rotational force, e.g. when the knee isbent or twisted while bearing load. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is a directconsequence of stress fracture/stress reaction injuries. In anotherembodiment, the term ‘stress reaction’ refers to bone with evidence ofremodeling but with an absence of radiological evidence of fracture. Inanother embodiment, stress reaction/fracture is the result of repeatedmicro-injuries to bone, which occur when its maximum strength isexceeded by an applied force and the natural process by which boneadapts to stress is prevented. In another embodiment, stress fracture isassociated with the tibia. In another embodiment, stress fracture isassociated with the fibula. In another embodiment, stress fracture isassociated with the metatarsals. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is a directconsequence of a sprained ankle. In another embodiment, a lower limbmusculoskeletal pain is a direct consequence of an anterior compartmentsyndrome. In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is adirect consequence of a lateral compartment syndrome. In anotherembodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is a direct consequence ofa plantar fasciitis. In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletalpain is a direct consequence of an Achilles tendonitis. In anotherembodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is a direct consequence ofa foot corns. In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal painis a direct consequence of hallux valgus. In another embodiment, a lowerlimb musculoskeletal pain is a direct consequence of interdigitalneuroma (Morton's neuroma). In another embodiment, a lower limbmusculoskeletal pain is a direct consequence of tarsal tunnel syndrome.In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is a directconsequence of lesser toe deformity. In another embodiment, a lower limbmusculoskeletal pain is a direct consequence of psoriatic arthritis.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is heel pain.In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is a directconsequence of an acquired flatfoot. In another embodiment, a lower limbmusculoskeletal pain is associated with a putative genesis in abnormalfoot pronation. In another embodiment, a lower limb musculoskeletal painis associated with defective gait patterns. In another embodiment, alower limb musculoskeletal pain is associated with defective stance.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

The Subject

In another embodiment, the subject is afflicted with a congenitaldisorder of joints. In another embodiment, the subject is afflicted withdiabetes. In another embodiment, the subject is afflicted withinflammatory diseases (such as Perthes' disease, Lyme disease, a chronicform of arthritis). Each possibility represents a separate embodiment ofthe present invention.

In another embodiment, the subject is afflicted with rheumatoidarthritis. In another embodiment, the subject is afflicted with Achillestendon injuries and tendonitis In another embodiment, the subject isafflicted with adductor strain. In another embodiment, the subject isafflicted with an ankle sprain. In another embodiment, the subject isafflicted with anterior cruciate ligament injury. In another embodiment,the subject is afflicted with calcaneal bursitis. In another embodiment,a lower limb musculoskeletal pain is coccyx pain. In another embodiment,the subject is afflicted with compartment syndrome. In anotherembodiment, the subject is afflicted with iliotibial band syndrome. Inanother embodiment, the subject is afflicted with medial collateral andlateral collateral ligament injury. In another embodiment, the subjectis afflicted with meralgia paraesthetica. In another embodiment, thesubject is afflicted with Morton Neuroma. In another embodiment, thesubject is afflicted with osteitis pubis. In another embodiment, thesubject is afflicted with patellofemoral syndrome. In anotherembodiment, the subject is afflicted with Pes Anserinus bursitis. Inanother embodiment, the subject is afflicted with Piriformis syndrome.In another embodiment, the subject is afflicted with plantar fasciitis.In another embodiment, the subject is afflicted with posterior cruciateligament injury. In another embodiment, the subject is afflicted withprepatellar bursitis. In another embodiment, the subject is afflictedwith trochanteric bursitis. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a subject according to the invention furthersuffers from a gait disorder. In another embodiment, a subject accordingto the invention is a human subject that can walk or run with a deviceas described herein. In another embodiment, a subject according to theinvention is a human subject that can walk or run with footwear 10. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a gait disorder is asymmetry of gait, shufflinggait, gait with lurching actions, or any combination thereof. In anotherembodiment, a gait disorder is caused by a degenerative joint disease.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

Muscle Tuning

In another embodiment, the method as described herein involves exercisewith the device as described herein. In another embodiment, exercise iswalking or any other form of gait movement. In another embodiment,improvement in measured in a gait lab, EMG, muscle size measurements andother muscle related tests. In another embodiment, improvement insubject's physical state is observed by using the methods describedherein. In another embodiment, tuning a muscle is improvement insubject's physiological state. In another embodiment, tuning a muscle isimprovement in subject's mental state. In another embodiment, tuning amuscle is improvement in subject's wellbeing. In another embodiment,tuning a muscle is relieving pain such as joint pain. In anotherembodiment, tuning a muscle is relieving pain such as joint pain. Inanother embodiment, tuning a muscle is balancing gait. In anotherembodiment, tuning a muscle is relieving tenderness. In anotherembodiment, tuning a muscle is relieving stiffness. In anotherembodiment, tuning a muscle is relieving locking. In another embodiment,tuning a muscle is relieving an effusion. In another embodiment, tuninga muscle is increasing movement. In another embodiment, tuning a muscleis increasing movement secondary to pain. In another embodiment, tuninga muscle is inhibiting regional muscles atrophy. In another embodiment,tuning a muscle is reversing regional muscles atrophy. In anotherembodiment, tuning a muscle is inducing muscle build-up. In anotherembodiment, tuning a muscle is inducing differential muscle build-up.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, tuning a muscle is improving gait. In anotherembodiment, tuning a muscle is improving balance. In another embodiment,tuning a muscle is improving impairments of proprioception, balance,strength, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, tuning amuscle is reversing impairments of proprioception, balance, strength, orany combination thereof. In another embodiment, tuning a muscle isspecifically improving impairments of proprioception, balance, strength,or any combination thereof associated with a specific degenerative jointdisease. In another embodiment, tuning a muscle is specificallyimproving impairments of proprioception, balance, strength, or anycombination thereof associated with lower extremity arthritis. Inanother embodiment, tuning a muscle is specifically improvingimpairments of proprioception, balance, strength, or any combinationthereof associated with a hip, an ankle, a foot, or knee osteoarthritis.In another embodiment, tuning a muscle is reducing falls. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, tuning a muscle is manipulating a step length. Inanother embodiment, tuning a muscle is decreasing “step lengthdifference”. In another embodiment, tuning a muscle is manipulatingsingle limb support. In another embodiment, tuning a muscle ismanipulating out/in toeing angle. In another embodiment, tuning a muscleis calibrating gait cycle (40:40:20). In another embodiment, tuning amuscle is manipulating cadence. In another embodiment, tuning a muscleis manipulating the center of pressure (COP). In another embodiment,tuning a muscle is correcting mean hip motion, knee motion, anklemotion, or any combination thereof in the sagittal plane. In anotherembodiment, tuning a muscle is improving walking pace or speed. Inanother embodiment, tuning a muscle is enhancing walking pace or speed.In another embodiment, improving walking pace or speed is reaching agoal of walking speed of 1.6-4 km/hour. In another embodiment, improvingwalking pace or speed is reaching a goal of walking speed of 1.6-4km/hour for at least 2 minutes. In another embodiment, improving walkingpace or speed is reaching a goal of walking speed of 1.6-4 km/hour forat least 5 minutes. In another embodiment, improving walking pace orspeed is reaching a goal of walking speed of 1.6-4 km/hour for at least10 minutes. In another embodiment, improving walking pace or speed isreaching a goal of walking speed of 1.6-4 km/hour for at least 15minutes. In another embodiment, improving walking pace or speed isreaching a goal of walking speed of 2-3.5 km/hour for at least 2minutes. In another embodiment, improving walking pace or speed isreaching a goal of walking speed of 2-3.5 km/hour for at least 5minutes. In another embodiment, improving walking pace or speed isreaching a goal of walking speed of 2-3.5 km/hour for at least 10minutes. In another embodiment, improving walking pace or speed isreaching a goal of walking speed of 2-3.5 km/hour for at least 15minutes. In another embodiment, improving walking pace or speed isreaching a goal of walking speed of 2.5-3.2 km/hour for at least 2minutes. In another embodiment, improving walking pace or speed isreaching a goal of walking speed of 2.5-3.2 km/hour for at least 5minutes. In another embodiment, improving walking pace or speed isreaching a goal of walking speed of 2.5-3.2 km/hour for at least 10minutes. In another embodiment, improving walking pace or speed isreaching a goal of walking speed of 2.5-3.2 km/hour for at least 15minutes. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, tuning a muscle is relaxing a stiff knee, hip,ankle, or foot. In another embodiment, tuning a muscle is correcting anabnormal flexion in stance phase. In another embodiment, tuning a muscleis correcting a restriction of hip extension in toe-off. In anotherembodiment, tuning a muscle is correcting an abnormal muscle activity ofthe lower limb. In another embodiment, tuning a muscle is correctingoveractivity of rectus femoris in stance. In another embodiment, tuninga muscle is correcting (shortening or lengthening) semitendinosusactivity. In another embodiment, tuning a muscle is correctingexaggerated triceps surae activity in pre-swing. In another embodiment,tuning a muscle is correcting a silent tibialis anterior in terminalswing. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, the methods as described herein further comprisesa combination treatment comprising the use of the device as describedherein and a proper medication. In another embodiment, one of skill inthe art will readily diagnose and prescribe the proper medication to asubject suffering from a disease or a condition such as describedherein. In another embodiment, the medication is an analgesic such asacetaminophen. In another embodiment, the medication is a non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as ibuprofen. In another embodiment,the medication is a COX-2 selective inhibitor such as celecoxib. Inanother embodiment, the medication is a topical NSAID such asdiclofenac. In another embodiment, the medication is an opioid analgesicsuch as morphine or codeine. In another embodiment, the medication is aglucocorticoid such as hydrocortisone. In another embodiment, themedication is topical capsaicin. In another embodiment, the medicationis a joint injection of hyaluronic acid. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the outcome of treatment as provided herein isapparent immediately after the initial use of the device as describedherein. In another embodiment, the outcome of treatment as providedherein is apparent after 10-1000000 meters of walking with the device asdescribed herein. In another embodiment, the outcome of treatment asprovided herein is apparent after 50-100000 meters of walking with thedevice as described herein. In another embodiment, the outcome oftreatment as provided herein is apparent after 500-10000 meters ofwalking with the device as described herein. In another embodiment, theoutcome of treatment as provided herein is apparent after 500-5000meters of walking with the device as described herein. In anotherembodiment, the outcome of treatment as provided herein is apparentafter 500-3000 meters of walking with the device as described herein.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, the outcome of treatment as provided herein iscorrection of a pathology related to lower limb osteoarthritis. Inanother embodiment, the outcome of treatment as provided herein iscorrection of a hip, an ankle, a foot, or a knee osteoarthritis. Inanother embodiment, the outcome of treatment as provided herein isalleviating lower limb osteoarthritis. In another embodiment, theoutcome of treatment as provided herein is inhibiting symptomsassociated with lower limb osteoarthritis. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the outcome of treatment as provided herein isapparent while the subject is wearing the device as described herein. Inanother embodiment, the outcome of treatment as provided herein isapparent also when the subject is walking barefoot. In anotherembodiment, the outcome of treatment as provided herein is apparent alsowhen the subject is wearing walking shoes. In another embodiment, theoutcome of treatment as provided herein is apparent also when thesubject is wearing work shoes (including but not limited to elegantshoes). Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, differential muscle build-up comprises inducingmuscle build-up in regions of muscles atrophy. In another embodiment,differential muscle build-up comprises inducing muscle build-up inregions of muscles weakness. In another embodiment, differential musclebuild-up comprises inducing muscle build-up in regions of musclesinjury. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, a device as disclosed herein has an immediateeffect with regard to treating or treatment of a disease, a pathology,and/or pain as provided herein. In another embodiment, short termimmediate effect is apparent in a barefoot subject after walking withthe device for 1-5 minutes. In another embodiment, a device as disclosedherein has an immediate effect with regard to treating or treatment of adisease, a pathology, and/or pain as provided herein. In anotherembodiment, short term immediate effect is apparent in a barefootsubject after walking with the device for 10-60 minutes. In anotherembodiment, short term immediate effect is apparent in a barefootsubject after walking with the device for 30-600 minutes. In anotherembodiment, short term immediate effect is apparent in a barefootsubject after walking with the device for 1-10 hours (hrs). In anotherembodiment, short term immediate effect is apparent in a barefootsubject after walking with the device for 5-1000 hours (hrs). In anotherembodiment, short term immediate effect is apparent in a barefootsubject after walking with the device for 12-96 hours (hrs). In anotherembodiment, short term immediate effect is apparent in a barefootsubject after walking with the device for 1-10 days. In anotherembodiment, short term immediate effect is apparent in a barefootsubject after walking with the device for 7-21 days. In anotherembodiment, short term immediate effect is apparent in a barefootsubject after walking with the device for 5-30 days. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the effect is apparent in a barefoot subjectafter walking with the device for 1-2 months. In another embodiment, theeffect is apparent in a barefoot subject after walking with the devicefor 1-24 months. In another embodiment, the effect is apparent in abarefoot subject after walking with the device for 2-6 months. Inanother embodiment, the effect is apparent in a barefoot subject afterwalking with the device for 4-10 months. In another embodiment, theeffect is apparent in a barefoot subject after walking with the devicefor 6-48 months. In another embodiment, the effect is apparent in abarefoot subject after walking with the device for 12-24 months. Inanother embodiment, the effect is apparent in a barefoot subject afterwalking with the device for 10-30 months. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, tuning a muscle comprises treating which is aprocess wherein the subject's disease or condition is ameliorated. Inanother embodiment, tuning a muscle is improvement over time. In anotherembodiment, tuning a muscle is continuous improvement over time. Inanother embodiment, progress or improvement is reduction in any measureprovided herein. In another embodiment, progress or improvement ismeasured in a gait lab. In another embodiment, progress or improvementis measured by radiological methods. In another embodiment, radiologicalmethods for measuring progress, treatment and/or improvement are knownto one of skill in the art (such as but not limited to: X-ray, MRI,etc.). In another embodiment, progress or improvement is measured by apain questionnaire. In another embodiment, progress or improvement ismeasured by physical examination that includes examining a range ofmotions such as but not limited to: flexion, extension, dorsi/plantarflexion (ankle), muscular circumference, internal/external rotation(hip) abduction/adducton (hip and knee), effusion, hot/warm knee, or anycombination thereof. Each possibility represents a separate embodimentof the present invention.

In another embodiment, progress or improvement is measured in a gait laband includes measuring velocity, step length increase, step lengthdifference (symmetry), single limb support (aim at reaching 40%), singlelimb support difference (symmetry), double limb support,in-toeing/out-toeing, flexion/extension, range of motion (ROM),flexion/extension, or any combination thereof. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a device as described herein is prescribed to asubject according to the subject's physical condition. In anotherembodiment, a device as described herein is prescribed to a subjectaccording to the subject's medical condition. In another embodiment, adevice as described herein is prescribed to a subject according to thesubject's medical history. In another embodiment, prescription includesdirections of how to use the device. In another embodiment, prescriptionincludes intensity of use, daily use, or daily distance directions.

In another embodiment, any prescription as described herein comprisesincrease in daily usage time as the subject's gait improves. In anotherembodiment, any prescription as described herein comprises increase indaily usage time as subject's pain decreases. In another embodiment, anyprescription as described herein comprises increase in daily usage timeas subject's disease or condition as described herein, improves. Inanother embodiment, a prescription as described herein further comprisesmedicating the subject according to his or hers medical condition. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a prescription as described herein furthercomprises adjustments of the device as subject's lower limb muscles aretuned or are off balance. In another embodiment, adjustments of thedevice comprise calibrating or positioning a protuberance as describedherein. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

The Device

In another embodiment, the device is secured to a subject's footdirectly. In another embodiment, the term “secured to a subject's foot”comprises securing the device to any footwear such as but not limited toshoes, boots, etc that are secured to a subject's foot. In anotherembodiment, a foot securing means secures the device such as footwear 10to a subject's foot. In another embodiment, various different feetsecuring means can be used. In another embodiment, a foot securing meancomprises a plurality of securing means. In another embodiment, a footsecuring mean is a lace. In another embodiment, a foot securing meancomprises a Velcro fastener. In another embodiment, a foot securing meancomprises securing straps. In another embodiment, reference is made toFIGS. 1-4, which illustrate footwear 10 constructed and operative inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a support member is operably attached to thesecuring mean. In another embodiment, operably attached comprisessufficient attachment between the securing mean and the support member.In another embodiment, a support member comprises the sole. In anotherembodiment, a support member comprises the inner sole. In anotherembodiment, a support member comprises the outer sole. In anotherembodiment, a support member comprises the middle sole. In anotherembodiment, a support member comprises the upper (the part of the shoethat is on top of the foot). In another embodiment, the upper isoperably attached to the securing mean (such as but not limited tolaces). In another embodiment, the upper comprises straps or totallyenclosing the foot.). In another embodiment, the upper comprises strapsthat function as securing means (such as sandals). Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a device such as footwear 10 is supplied as oneor more pairs of shoe-like devices, or alternatively, as just one of theshoe-like devices. In another embodiment, footwear 10 comprises asupport member 12 having a periphery in a shape of a shoe solecomprising an upper surface 14. In the illustrated embodiment, the uppersurface 14 is indented with a peripheral ridge 16, but it is appreciatedthat other configurations of upper surface 14 are within the scope ofthe invention. In another embodiment, footwear 10 is attached to a footof a user by means of a boot 18 and/or fasteners 20, such as but notlimited to, VELCRO straps, buckles, shoe laces, and the like. In anotherembodiment, footwear 10 is attached to a foot of a user by means of ashoe. In another embodiment, a shoe comprises a platform of a sneaker.In another embodiment, the term sneaker comprises a boot. In anotherembodiment, the term sneaker comprises a walking boot. In anotherembodiment, a shoe comprises a platform of a running shoe. In anotherembodiment, a shoe comprises a platform of an elegant shoe. In anotherembodiment, a shoe comprises a platform of a walking shoe or boot. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a device such as but not limited to boot 18 isfashioned for attachment to the user's foot with or without fasteners20. In another embodiment, fasteners 20 are used as foot securing meansto attach footwear 10 to the user's foot without boot 18. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

BP

In another embodiment, the invention provides that the device such asfootwear 10 comprises protuberances in a fixed position. In anotherembodiment, the invention provides that the device such as footwear 10comprises protuberances having any shape known to one of skill in theart. In another embodiment, the invention provides that the devicecomprises at least two bulbous protuberances. In another embodiment, aprotuberance is symmetrical. In another embodiment, a protuberance isasymmetrical. In another embodiment, a protuberance comprises a shape ofa: polygon, decagon, digon, dodecagon, nonagon, henagon hendecagon,heptagon, hexadecagon, hexagon icosagon, octagon, pentagon, triangle,Penrose tile, trapezium, isosceles, trapezium undecagon, quadrilateral,Lozenge, rhomboid, rectangle, square, rhombus, trapezoid, polydrafter,arbelos, circle, disc, circle, excircle, crescent, dome, ellipse, lune,oval, sphere, asteroid, or deltoid.

In another embodiment, each protuberance 22 has a curved outer contour26. In another embodiment, each protuberance has a different curvedouter contour. In another embodiment, each protuberance 22 has aconvexity.

In another embodiment, a protuberance comprises a dome shape. In anotherembodiment, a protuberance as described herein comprises a dome shapewhich further comprises multiple different convexities. In anotherembodiment, each protuberance 22 comprises a different convexity. Inanother embodiment, each protuberance 22 comprises a different set ofconvexities. The cross-section of the contour 26, that is, either thecross-section taken with respect to a longitudinal axis 28 (FIG. 4) ofsupport member 12 (corresponding to the shape seen in FIG. 2) or thecross-section taken with respect to a latitudinal axis 30 (FIG. 4) ofsupport member 12 (corresponding to the shape seen in FIG. 3), or anyother cross-section, may have any curvilinear shape. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the contours 26 may have the shape of a conicsection, that is, the shape of a circle, ellipse, parabola or hyperbola.The various cross-sections of the contours 26 of protuberance 22 may beshaped identically or differently. In another embodiment, the shape of aprotuberance is defined by equal arches. In another embodiment, theshape of a protuberance is defined by a variety of arches of differentradiuses which are tangent to each other. In another embodiment, theshape of a protuberance is symmetrical. In another embodiment, the shapeof a protuberance is asymmetrical. In another embodiment, a protuberanceis a bulbous protuberance. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the invention provides that the device such asfootwear 10 supports the foot of a subject only by the two protuberanceswhen the two protuberances are placed on a ground surface. In anotherembodiment, the invention provides that the device such as footwear 10supports the foot of a subject during stance only by the twoprotuberances when the two protuberances are placed on a ground surface.In another embodiment, the invention provides that during stance onlythe 2 ground engaging surfaces of the protuberances (such as the peak orthe surface facing the ground) are in contact with a ground surface. Inanother embodiment, the invention provides that during stance only theground engaging surface in each protuberance is in contact with a groundsurface. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, at least two bulbous protuberances 22 protrudefrom a lower surface 24 of support member 12. In another embodiment,only two bulbous protuberances 22 protrude from a lower surface 24 ofsupport member 12. In another embodiment, a lower surface of supportmember is an outsole. In another embodiment, only two bulbousprotuberances 22 protrude from a lower surface 24 of support member 12.

In another embodiment, the ground engaging parts of the device are onlythe protuberances. In another embodiment, during all phases of gaitincluding the stance phase the protuberances are the only parts of thedevice which are ground engaging. In another embodiment, during allphases of gait including the stance phase the protuberances 22 are theonly parts of the device which are in direct contact with the ground.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, a protuberance as described herein is movable. Inanother embodiment, a protuberance as described herein is fixed. Inanother embodiment, a protuberance as described herein is mountable. Inanother embodiment, a protuberance as described herein is replaceable.In another embodiment, a protuberance as described herein is movablealong the outer surface of the support member. In another embodiment, aprotuberance as described herein is movable along the outer surface ofthe outsole. In another embodiment, a protuberance as described hereincan be positioned within the outer surface of the support member. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a protuberance as described herein is movable ortranslatable such as in a track (e.g., forwards, backwards, sideways ordiagonally) and/or rotatable about its own or other axis, or acombination of such motions. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a protuberance is movable within a predefinedarea. In another embodiment, a protuberance is movable within an area of1 cm² to 18 cm². In another embodiment, a protuberance is movable withinan area of 1 cm² to 6 cm². In another embodiment, a protuberance ismovable within an area of 1 cm² to 4 cm². In another embodiment, aprotuberance is movable within an area of 2 cm² to 8 cm². In anotherembodiment, a protuberance is movable within an area of 3 cm² to 6 cm².In another embodiment, a protuberance is movable within an area of 4 cm²to 10 cm². In another embodiment, a protuberance is movable within anarea of 5 cm² to 18 cm². In another embodiment, a protuberance ismovable within an area of 4 cm² to 12 cm². Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a predefined area is a circle. In anotherembodiment, a predefined area is a square. In another embodiment, apredefined area is an ellipse. In another embodiment, a predefined areais a rectangle. In another embodiment, a predefined area isquadrangular. In another embodiment, a predefined area comprises anyshape known to one of skill in the art. In another embodiment, apredefined area is shapeless. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a protuberance can be positioned anywhere on thesupport member. In another embodiment, a protuberance can be fixedanywhere on the support member. In another embodiment, a protuberancecan be positioned and/or fixed anywhere within a predefined area. Inanother embodiment, the protuberance is hooked to a rail. In anotherembodiment, the protuberance is connected to a rail. In anotherembodiment, the protuberance is connected to a rail and is movable alongthe rail. In another embodiment, the protuberance is connected to arail, is movable along the rail, and can be positioned and/or fixedanywhere along the rail. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a protuberance is slidingly mounted on supportmember. In another embodiment, a protuberance is mounted on a track 36(FIG. 2) formed in the lower surface 24 of support member 12, and isselectively positioned anywhere along the track and fastened and orfixed thereto. In another embodiment, track 36 extends along a portionof the shoe sole or all along the length of the shoe sole. Alternativelyor additionally, the amount of protrusion of a protuberance is adjusted,such as by mounting protuberance with a threaded fastener 38 (FIG. 3) tosupport member 12 and tightening or releasing threaded fastener. Inanother embodiment, the term “fastening”, “fixing” and “securing” areused interchangeably. Each possibility represents a separate embodimentof the present invention.

In another embodiment, a device as described herein further comprises anadditional bulbous protuberance or bulbous protuberances, non-bulbousprotuberance 39, or non-bulbous protuberances shown in FIG. 3. Inanother embodiment, protuberances 39 are formed in the shape of a peg,stud, bolt, pin, dowel and the like, although the invention is notlimited to these shapes. In another embodiment, protuberances 39 may berigid or flexible. In another embodiment, protuberances 39 are ofdifferent resilience or hardness, such as having different elasticityproperties or Shore hardness. In another embodiment, protuberances 39protrude by different amounts from the lower surface 24 of supportmember 12. In another embodiment, the amount of protrusion ofprotuberances 39 or height is adjusted. In another embodiment,protuberance 39 is fixed or movable at any place on the lower surface 24of support member 12 Each possibility represents a separate embodimentof the present invention.

In another embodiment, a protuberance is slidingly mounted on supportmember 12. In another embodiment, a device such as footwear 10 comprisesa sliding/shifting mechanism for a protuberance inside the sole offootwear 10. In another embodiment, the sliding/shifting mechanismcomprises, without limitation, a mechanism that floats in a viscousmatrix (e.g., fluid in a chamber formed in the sole), that is suspendedby inner cables, or a niche trapping a protuberance with a fixing mean.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

Fixing a BP

As seen clearly in FIG. 2, one protuberance 22 may be positioned moreposteriorly than the other protuberance 22. In another embodiment, adevice as described herein comprises at least one anterior protuberance.In another embodiment, a device as described herein comprises at leastone posterior protuberance. In another embodiment, the device consistsone anterior protuberance and one posterior protuberance. In anotherembodiment, the device comprises at least one anterior protuberance andone moveable posterior protuberance. In another embodiment, the devicecomprises at least one moveable anterior protuberance and one posteriorprotuberance. In another embodiment, the device comprises at least onemoveable anterior protuberance and one moveable posterior protuberance.In another embodiment, the device consists one moveable anteriorprotuberance and one moveable posterior protuberance. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the protuberances rise vertically and thereforeeach protuberance comprises a base end and a peak end. In anotherembodiment, the surface area of the base is larger than the surface areaof the peak. In another embodiment, the peak is the ground engagingportion of a protuberance in the stance phase. In another embodiment,the peak is the ground engaging portion of a protuberance in all gaitphases. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent, invention.

In another embodiment, a protuberance such as a bulbous protuberance 22protrudes from the upper surface 14 of support member 12.

Positions of BPs

Reference is now made, in one embodiment, to FIGS. 1-4, which illustratefootwear 10 constructed and operative in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention. Footwear 10, in one embodiment, is supplied asone or more pairs of shoe-like devices, or alternatively, as just one ofthe shoe-like devices. In another embodiment, a shoe-like devicecomprises a shoe platform and protuberances. Footwear 10, in oneembodiment, is designed to adapt on a shoe such as Footwear 10. Footwear10, in one embodiment, is a sandal or sandal-like footwear. In anotherembodiment, the shoe platform is a boot. In another embodiment, the shoeplatform resembles a hiking boot. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the footwear 10 comprises a support member 12having a periphery in a shape of a shoe sole with an upper surface 14.In another embodiment, the footwear 10 comprises an insole placed on topof the upper surface 14. In another embodiment, the insole is theinterior bottom of footwear 10. In another embodiment, the insole sitsdirectly beneath the foot. In another embodiment, the insole isremovable, replaceable, or both. In another embodiment, the insole addscomfort, control the shape, moisture, smell, or any combination thereof.In another embodiment, the insole is placed to correct defects in thenatural shape of the foot or positioning of the foot during standing orwalking Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, a support member 12 comprises an outsole. Inanother embodiment, a support member 12 comprises lower surface 24 or anoutsole of support member 12. In another embodiment, lower surface 24 oran outsole is made of natural rubber or a synthetic imitation. Inanother embodiment, lower surface 24 or an outsole comprises a singlepiece, or may comprise separate pieces of different materials. Inanother embodiment, lower surface 24 or an outsole can be softer orharder. In another embodiment, a support member 12 further comprises amidsole which is a layer in between the outsole and the insole the mostpressure down. In another embodiment, a support member 12 does not havea midsole. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, positioning at least a first bulbous protuberanceand a second bulbous protuberance in a balanced position is the positionin which the footwear exerts the least valgus, varus, dorsal or plantartorque about the ankle in a subject being examined. In anotherembodiment, positioning at least a first bulbous protuberance and asecond bulbous protuberance in a balanced position is the position inwhich the footwear provides the least or minimal lower limbs muscleactivity. In another embodiment, positioning at least a first bulbousprotuberance and a second bulbous protuberance in a balanced position isthe position in which the footwear provides balanced lower limbs muscleactivity. In another embodiment, positioning at least a first bulbousprotuberance and a second bulbous protuberance in a balanced position istoning lower limb muscles. In another embodiment, positioning at least afirst bulbous protuberance and a second bulbous protuberance in abalanced position is toning the amount of tension or resistance tomovement in a muscle involved in gait. In another embodiment,positioning at least a first bulbous protuberance and a second bulbousprotuberance in a balanced position is lower limb unloading that allowsmaximal ankle, knee, and hip joint mobility. In another embodiment,positioning at least a first bulbous protuberance and a second bulbousprotuberance in a balanced position is providing a reduction of muscleactivity, larger passive ankle excursion, improved gait ability, or anycombination thereof. In another embodiment, positioning at least a firstbulbous protuberance and a second bulbous protuberance in a balancedposition is increasing step length, stance symmetry, or a combinationthereof. In another embodiment, positioning at least a first bulbousprotuberance and a second bulbous protuberance in a balanced position isincreasing the length of the force point of action in lower limb musclessuch as but not limited to: soleus, tibialis posterior, and bothgastrocnemius muscles. In another embodiment, positioning at least afirst bulbous protuberance and a second bulbous protuberance in abalanced position is toning the plantar flexors, dorsi-flexors,invertors and/or evertors. In another embodiment, positioning at least afirst bulbous protuberance and a second bulbous protuberance in abalanced position is preventing excessive forward rotation as the bodymoves forward over the stationary foot. In another embodiment,positioning at least a first bulbous protuberance and a second bulbousprotuberance in a balanced position is toning the heel off of the heel.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, as seen in FIG. 4, the protuberances arepositioned on a common longitudinal axis of support member 12, such asthe centerline 28 of support member 12. In another embodiment, theprotuberances are positioned on opposite sides of the latitudinalmidline 30. In another embodiment, the protuberances are positionedoffset from the centerline 28 of support member 12, and on oppositesides of the latitudinal midline 30. In another embodiment, the bases ofthe protuberances are positioned on the centerline of the supportmember. In another embodiment, the peaks of the protuberances arepositioned on opposite sides of the centerline of support member. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.In some embodiments, the meaning of “protuberance is positioned offsetfrom the centerline” comprises that the peak or the ground engagingsurface of a protuberances is positioned offset from the centerline. Insome embodiments, the meaning of “protuberance is positioned offset fromthe centerline” comprises that only the peak or the ground engagingsurface of a protuberance is positioned offset from the centerline butthe centerline still crosses the protuberance.

In another embodiment, the peak or the ground engaging surface of theanterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of thesupport member. In another embodiment, the peak or the ground engagingsurface of the anterior protuberance is positioned medially from thecenterline of the support member. In another embodiment, the peak or theground engaging surface of the anterior protuberance is positionedlaterally from the centerline of the support member and the peak or theground engaging surface of the posterior protuberance is aligned withcenterline. In another embodiment, the peak or the ground engagingsurface of the anterior protuberance is positioned medially from thecenterline of the support member and the peak or the ground engagingsurface of the posterior protuberance is aligned with centerline. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the peak or the ground engaging surface of theposterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline ofthe support member. In another embodiment, the peak or the groundengaging surface of the posterior protuberance is positioned mediallyfrom the centerline of the support member. In another embodiment, thepeak or the ground engaging surface of the posterior protuberance ispositioned laterally from the centerline of the support member and thepeak or the ground engaging surface of the anterior protuberance isaligned with centerline. In another embodiment, the peak or the groundengaging surface of the posterior protuberance is positioned mediallyfrom the centerline of the support member and the peak or the groundengaging surface of the anterior protuberance is aligned withcenterline. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, the peak or the ground engaging surface of theposterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline ofthe support member and the peak or the ground engaging surface of theanterior protuberance is positioned medially from the centerline of thesupport member. In another embodiment, the peak or the ground engagingsurface of the anterior protuberance is positioned laterally from thecenterline of the support member and the peak or the ground engagingsurface of the posterior protuberance is positioned medially from thecenterline of the support member. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the centerline divides longitudinally thecalcaneus support portion into two equal halves and further extendstowards the phalanges and metatarsals support portion in a straightline. In another embodiment, the centerline divides longitudinally thearch of the calcaneus support portion into two equal halves and furtherextends towards the phalanges and metatarsals support portion in astraight line. In another embodiment, the centerline divideslongitudinally the proximal arch of the calcaneus support portion intotwo equal halves and further extends towards the phalanges andmetatarsals support portion in a straight line. In another embodiment,the centerline divides longitudinally the support portion as seen inFIGS. 5-6 of the calcaneus support portion into two equal halves andfurther extends towards the phalanges and metatarsals support portion ina straight line. In another embodiment of the present invention, thelongitudinal centerline is defined as a longitudinal straight lineconnecting middles of the short sides of a rectangle which delimits acontour of the support member. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the bases of the protuberances are positioned onthe centerline of the support member and the peaks of the protuberancesare positioned on opposite sides of the centerline of support member. Inanother embodiment, the bases of the protuberances are positioned on thecenterline of the support member but the peaks of the protuberances areoffset from the centerline of the support member. In another embodiment,the bases of the protuberances are positioned on the centerline of thesupport member but the peaks of the protuberances are positioned onopposite sides of the centerline of the support member. In anotherembodiment, positioning a protuberance is positioning the peak or theground engaging surface of a protuberance. In another embodiment, theterms “peak” and “ground engaging surface” are used interchangeably.Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, the anterior protuberance is positioned mediallyfrom the centerline of the support member. In another embodiment, thepeak of the anterior protuberance is positioned medially from thecenterline of the support member. In another embodiment, the base of theanterior protuberance is position on the centerline of the supportmember but the peak of the anterior protuberance is positioned mediallyfrom the centerline of the support member. In another embodiment, theanterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of thesupport member. In another embodiment, the peak of the anteriorprotuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of the supportmember. In another embodiment, the base of the anterior protuberance ispositioned on the centerline of the support member but the peak of theanterior protuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of thesupport member. In another embodiment, the posterior protuberance ispositioned medially from the centerline of the support member. Inanother embodiment, the peak of the posterior protuberance is positionedmedially from the centerline of the support member. In anotherembodiment, the base of the posterior protuberance is positioned on thecenterline of the support member but the peak of the posteriorprotuberance is positioned medially from the centerline of the supportmember. In another embodiment, the posterior protuberance is positionedlaterally from the centerline of the support member. In anotherembodiment, the peak of the posterior protuberance is positionedlaterally from the centerline of the support member. In anotherembodiment, the base of the posterior protuberance is position on thecenterline of the support member but the peak of the posteriorprotuberance is positioned laterally from the centerline of the supportmember.

In another embodiment, as seen in FIG. 2, the posterior protuberance 22Pis positioned generally underneath a calcaneus (heel, ankle) supportportion 23 of support member 12. In another embodiment, the anteriorprotuberance 22A may be positioned generally underneath a metatarsalssupport portion 25 and/or phalanges support portion 27 of support member12. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

In another embodiment, as indicated by broken lines 33 in FIG. 4, theanterior protuberances 22A is aligned on a longitudinal axis with itspeak offset from centerline 28, and the posterior protuberance 22P isalso is aligned on a longitudinal axis with its peak offset fromcenterline 28 but to the opposite direction of 22A with respect tocenterline 28. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, FIG. 5 is a simplified pictorial illustration ofan alignment of the anterior (forward) and posterior (rearward)protuberances on a support member 200, according to embodiments of thepresent invention. Centerline 216, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 12 isdefined as a longitudinal straight line (median) that connects themiddles of short sides 214 of a rectangle 212, the long sides 212 ofwhich are parallel to centerline 216, and which delimits the contour 210of the support member. In embodiments of the present invention contour210 is the contour (254, see FIG. 7) of the foothold confined by theupper part (253, see FIG. 7) of the footwear (250, see FIG. 7),corresponding to the last which is used to form the footwear. In otherembodiments of the present invention contour 210 is the outermostcontour of the footwear. In other embodiments of the present inventioncontour 210 is the contour of the bottom surface of the sole of thefootwear. In some embodiments, the terms “forward” and “anterior” areused interchangeably. In some embodiments, the terms “rearward” and“posterior” are used interchangeably. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

According to embodiments of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 5,forward protuberance 218 at the anterior (phalanges) portion of thesupport member (i.e. its front portion) is positioned medially offset tocenterline 216. By “medially offset” is meant that a peak surface (whichcan be the ground engaging surface) of protuberance 218 (marked by cross219) is shifted from centerline 216 medially towards the inner side ofsupport surface 200, facing the support member of the other foot (notshown in this figure). The peak surface is a surface on the protuberancewhich is furthest from the support surface with respect to othersurfaces of the protuberance. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

According to embodiments of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 5,rearward (posterior) protuberance 220 at the posterior (calcaneus)portion of the support member (i.e. its back portion) is positionedlaterally offset to centerline 216. By “laterally offset” is meant thata peak surface (which can be the ground engaging surface) ofprotuberance 220 (marked by cross 221) is shifted from centerline 216laterally towards the outer side of support surface 200, away from thesupport member of the other foot (not shown in this figure). Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

The alignment of the protuberances shown in FIG. 5 is useful, forexample, for tuning muscles for users suffering from one or more of thefollowing medical indications: medial compartment—knee osteoarthritismedial meniscus tear or damage, genu varus, patello—femoral painsyndrome, patello—femoral problem (malalignment), lateral collateralligamental damage or tear, bone bruise MTP/MFC (or AVN in these), hiplabrum damage (TCM), trochanteric bursitis, pes anseninus bursitis,ankle instability (supination and ext rut), Achilles tendonitis andmetatrsalgia. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 6 is a simplified pictorial illustration of another alignment ofthe anterior and posterior protuberances on a support member, accordingto embodiments of the present invention. According to embodiments of thepresent invention, as shown in FIG. 6, forward (anterior) protuberance218 is laterally offset to centerline 216, whereas rearward protuberance220 is medially offset to centerline 216. The alignment of theprotuberances shown in FIG. 5 is useful, for example, for tuning musclesfor users with one or more of the following medical indications: lateralmeniscus tear or damage, lateral compartment knee osteoarthritis, valgusknee (genu valgus), patello—femoral pain syndrome, patello—femoralproblem (malalignment), MCL Ligament tear, bone bruise LTP/LFC (or AVNin these), hip labrum damage or tear, hip pain, hip OA, low back pain,ankle instability (pronoation), achilles tendonitis, tibialis posteriorinsufficiency and metatarsalgia. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a simplified pictorial illustration of a sneaker 250constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, whose rearward protuberance 220 has a greater heightthan the height of the forward protuberance 218. It is noticeable thatsuch arrangement facilitates initial contact between rearwardprotuberance 220 and the supporting ground (not shown in this figure)when a user wears the sneaker, before the forward protuberance isbrought in contact with the ground. When both protuberances are placedin contact with the ground the foot of the user wearing sneaker 250acquires a downward inclination with respect to direction of gait of theuser. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 8 is a simplified pictorial illustration of a sneaker 250constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, whose forward protuberance 218 has a greater heightthan the height of the rearward protuberance 220. In this embodimentwhen both protuberances are placed in contact with the ground the footof the user wearing sneaker 250 acquires an upward inclination (withrespect to the direction of gait of the user. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates maximal area boundaries of positioning of theanterior and posterior protuberances with respect to a support surface,according to embodiments of the present invention. Shown in this figureis a bottom view of a sneaker designed to be worn on a right foot of auser. The medial side is thus the right side of the drawing, facing thearc of greater curvature of the side arcs of the sneaker. The lateralside is opposite to the medial side that is the left side of thedrawing, facing the arc of lesser curvature of the side arcs of thesneaker. Indicated are the midsole 401 and last/shoe 402, contour 403 ofthe foothold which is determined by the last used in the making of thesneaker. Front rail 404 and rear rail 405 are used for anchoring theprotuberance. The area bordered by dotted line 406 marks the maximalarea within which the peak surface of the anterior protuberance, i.e.the ground engaging surface of the anterior protuberance, may belocated, according to some embodiments of the present invention. Thearea bordered by dotted line 407 marks the maximal area within which thepeak surface of the posterior protuberance. Each possibility representsa separate embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates the effective area boundaries of positioning of theanterior and posterior protuberances with respect to a support surface,according to embodiments of the present invention. Indicated are themidsole 501 and outsole 502, contour 503 of the foothold which isdetermined by the last used in the making of the sneaker. The areabordered by dotted line 504 marks the effective area within which thepeak surface of the anterior protuberance, i.e. the ground engagingsurface of the anterior protuberance, may be located, according to someembodiments of the present invention. The area bordered by dotted line505 marks the effective area within which the peak surface of theposterior protuberance. “Effective” refers to the effectiveness of useof the footwear according to embodiments of the present invention, whichfacilitates treatment. For clarity both FIGS. 9 and 10 are divided to 36equal parts. The effective locations will be within the same partsregardless of sizing. Each possibility represents a separate embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 11 illustrates the effective area boundaries of positioning of theanterior and posterior protuberances with respect to a support surface,according to embodiments of the present invention which includetreatment and alleviating pain for the following diseases and/orconditions: Lateral meniscus tear/damage, Lateral compartment kneeosteoarthritis, Valgus knee (genu valgus), Patello—femoral painsyndrome, Patello—femoral defeciency (mal-alignment), MCL Ligament tear,Bone bruise LTP/LFC (AVN), Hip labrum. damage (tear), hipmusculoskeletal pain, ankle instability (Pronoation), Achillestendonitis, Tibilias insufficiency, Metatarsalgia, or any combinationsthereof. Indicated is the area bordered by dotted line 710 which marksthe effective area within which the peak surface of the anteriorprotuberance, i.e. the ground engaging surface of the anteriorprotuberance, may be located, while treating or alleviating pain for thediseases and/or conditions described for FIG. 11 hereinabove. Indicatedis the area bordered by dotted line 720 which marks the effective areawithin which the peak surface of the posterior protuberance, i.e. theground engaging surface of the posterior protuberance, may be located,while treating or alleviating pain for the diseases and/or conditionsdescribed for FIG. 11 hereinabove. The areas bordered by dotted lines710 and 720 are within the areas bordered by dotted lines 504 and 505,respectively, in FIG. 10. As provided before, FIG. 10 is divided to 36equal parts. The effective locations will be within these effectiveparts regardless of sizing. Each possibility represents a separateembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 illustrates the effective area boundaries of positioning of theanterior and posterior protuberances with respect to a support surface,according to embodiments of the present invention which include tuningmuscles and thus treating and alleviating pain in subjects sufferingfrom: Medial Compartment knee OA, medial meniscus—tear/damage, Genuvarus, Patello—femoral pain syndrome, Patello—femoral problem(malalignment), Lateral collateral ligamental (damage/tear), Bone bruiseMTP/MFC (AVN), hip OA, Hip labrum damage (TCM), Trochanteric bursitis,Pes Anseninus bursitis, Ankle instability (supination ext rut), Achillestendonitis, Metatrsalgia, or a combination thereof. Indicated are themidsole 601 and outsole 602, last 603 of the foothold which isdetermined by the last used in the making of the sneaker. Front rail 604and rear rail 605 are used for anchoring the protuberance. Indicated isthe area bordered by dotted line 610 which marks the effective areawithin which the peak surface of the anterior protuberance, i.e. theground engaging surface of the anterior protuberance, may be located,while treating or alleviating pain for the diseases and/or conditionsdescribed for FIG. 12 hereinabove. Indicated is the area bordered bydotted line 620 which marks the effective area within which the peaksurface of the posterior protuberance, i.e. the ground engaging surfaceof the posterior protuberance, may be located, while treating oralleviating pain for the diseases and/or conditions described for FIG.12 hereinabove. The areas bordered by dotted lines 610 and 620 arewithin the areas bordered by dotted lines 504 and 505, respectively, inFIG. 10. As provided before, FIG. 10 is divided to 36 equal parts. Theeffective locations will be within these effective parts regardless ofsizing. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 13A is an isometric view of a protuberance suitable for use on afootwear, according to embodiments of the present invention. Cleats 901,according to embodiments of the present invention, cover the groundengaging area of a protuberance, for facilitating enhanced grip of thesurface on which the user stands or walks. FIG. 18B is a frontal view ofa protuberance suitable for use on a footwear, according to embodimentsof the present invention. The peak surface is marked by cross 902. Bore904 is provided for a screw or other fastening arrangement to fix theprotuberance in the desired position. FIG. 18C is a side view of aprotuberance suitable for use on a footwear, according to embodiments ofthe present invention. Convexity 905 of the protuberance is clearlyseen. Various convexities may be employed, all of which define a peaksurface, typically (but not necessarily)at the center of theprotuberance, which is the surface which comes in contact with theground, when the user attaches the support member to the foot, and walksor stands on the ground.

FIG. 13 is a simplified pictorial illustration of a protuberanceaccording to embodiments of the present invention. As shown aprotuberance is convex 905 (13C). Each protuberance, according toembodiments of the present invention, comprises a fixing hole (forfixing a protuberance) 904 in which a latch, a bolt, or a screw isplaced therein. The peak of a protuberance, which in some embodiments ofthe present invention, is placed within the center of the groundengaging area 902 is in contact with the ground during stance (13B). Agrip structure 901.

FIG. 14 illustrates the effective area boundaries of positioning of theanterior and posterior protuberances with respect to a support surface,according to embodiments of the present invention which include tuningmuscles and thus treating and alleviating pain in subjects sufferingfrom ankle instability. Indicated is the area bordered by dotted line1001 which marks the effective area within which the peak surface of theanterior protuberance, i.e. the ground engaging surface of the anteriorprotuberance, may be located. Indicated is the area bordered by dottedline 1002 which marks the effective area within which the peak surfaceof the posterior protuberance, i.e. the ground engaging surface of theposterior protuberance, may be located. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 illustrates the effective area boundaries of positioning of theanterior and posterior protuberances with respect to a support surface,according to embodiments of the present invention which include tuningmuscles and thus treating and alleviating pain in subjects sufferingfrom knee OA. Indicated is the area bordered by dotted line 1003 whichmarks the effective area within which the peak surface of the anteriorprotuberance, i.e. the ground engaging surface of the anteriorprotuberance, may be located. Indicated is the area bordered by dottedline 1004 which marks the effective area within which the peak surfaceof the posterior protuberance, i.e. the ground engaging surface of theposterior protuberance, may be located. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

Resilience, Hardness, and Elasticity

In another embodiment, calibrating comprises positioning a protuberanceon a support member. In another embodiment, calibrating comprisesadjusting the height or protrusion of a protuberance. In anotherembodiment, calibrating comprises adjusting a resilience of aprotuberance. In another embodiment, calibrating comprises adjusting ahardness of a protuberance. In another embodiment, calibrating comprisesadjusting an elasticity of a protuberance. Each possibility represents aseparate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a protuberance is compressible. In anotherembodiment, a protuberance is deformable. In another embodiment, aprotuberance is compressible or deformable upon pressure exerted bysubject's weight. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment ofthe present invention.

In another embodiment, a protuberances is constructed of any suitablematerial, such as but not limited to, elastomers or metal or acombination of materials, and have different properties. In anotherembodiment, a protuberance comprises different resilience or hardness,such as having different elasticity properties or Shore hardness. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a protuberance comprises spikes or grip means forproviding better stability. In another embodiment, a protuberancecomprises spikes or grip means as anti-slippery means. In anotherembodiment, FIG. 13 provides a protuberance comprising small roundedgrip means. In another embodiment, spikes or grip means are constructedof any suitable material, such as but not limited to: elastomers such asrubbers or plastic materials. In another embodiment, spikes or gripmeans cover only a portion of a protuberance. In another embodiment,spikes or grip means cover at least a ground engaging surface of aprotuberance (the surface in contact with the ground during stance). Inanother embodiment, a fixing means for securing a protuberance to thesupport portion is embedded within a spikes or a grip means. In anotherembodiment, a fixing means for securing a protuberance to the supportportion is places in between spikes or a grip means. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a protuberance has a shore hardness of between 30to 90 Sh A. In another embodiment, a protuberance has a shore hardnessof between 40 to 55 Sh A. In another embodiment, a protuberance has ashore hardness of between 50 to 70 Sh A. In another embodiment, aprotuberance has a shore hardness of between 65 to 90 Sh A. In anotherembodiment, a protuberance has a shore hardness of between 55 to 60 ShA. In another embodiment, a protuberance has a shore hardness of between65 to 70 Sh A. In another embodiment, an anterior and a posteriorprotuberance comprise identical shore hardness. In another embodiment,an anterior and a posterior protuberance comprise different shorehardness. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, a protuberance is a soft protuberance comprisinga shore hardness of between 40 to 55 Sh A. In another embodiment, aprotuberance is a medium hardness protuberance comprising a shorehardness of between 50 to 70 Sh A. In another embodiment, a protuberanceis a hard protuberance comprising a shore hardness of between 65 to 90Sh A.

In another embodiment, a protuberance has an abrasion between 1-60 mm³(by DIN 53516). In another embodiment, a protuberance comprises a rubbercup. In another embodiment, a protuberance comprises natural rubbercompounds. In another embodiment, a protuberance comprises syntheticrubber compounds such as TPU or TPR. In another embodiment, aprotuberance comprises silicone. In another embodiment, a protuberance aplastic material such as PA 6 (nylon), PA6/6 (nylon)+glass fiber, ABS,Polypropylene, POM (Polyoxymethylene). In another embodiment, aprotuberance comprises a metal such as aluminum, steel, stainless steel,brass, or metal alloys. In another embodiment, a protuberance comprisescompound materials such as glass fibers, carbon fibers, kevlar, or anycombination thereof. Each possibility represents a separate embodimentof the present invention.

Adjustments

In another embodiment, different heights of a protuberance can be used.In another embodiment, height is calibrated by adding a spacer between aprotuberance and the outsole. In another embodiment, different weightsof a protuberance can be used. In another embodiment, weight iscalibrated by adding a spacer between a protuberance and the outsole.

In another embodiment, the height of the anterior protuberance differsfrom the height of the posterior protuberance. In another embodiment,the height of the anterior protuberance or of the posterior protuberanceis adjusted with round spacers positioned between the support member orthe outsole and the base portion of a protuberance. In anotherembodiment, a spacer is fixed between the outsole and base portion of aprotuberance. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment, a spacer or a protuberance comprises a diameterof 50-150 mm. In another embodiment, a spacer or a protuberancecomprises a diameter of 55-110 mm. In another embodiment, a spacer or aprotuberance comprises a diameter of 60-100 mm. In another embodiment, aspacer or a protuberance comprises a diameter of 80-90 mm. In anotherembodiment, a spacer or a protuberance comprises a diameter of 85 mm. Inanother embodiment, a spacer or a protuberance or a protuberancecomprises a thickness of 1-12 mm. In another embodiment, a spacer or aprotuberance comprises a thickness of 1-4 mm. In another embodiment, aspacer or a protuberance comprises a thickness of 3-10 mm. In anotherembodiment, a spacer or a protuberance comprises a thickness of 1-3 mm.In another embodiment, a spacer or a protuberance comprises hardness of60-70 Shore A, which is a soft spacer. In another embodiment, a spaceror a protuberance comprises hardness of 90-100 Shore A, which is a hardspacer. In another embodiment, a spacer or a protuberance compriseshardness of 71-890 Shore A, which is medium hardness spacer.

In another embodiment, a spacer or a protuberance weighs 2-500 g. Inanother embodiment, a spacer or a protuberance weighs 2-250 g. Inanother embodiment, a spacer or a protuberance weighs 2-6 g. In anotherembodiment, a spacer or a protuberance weighs 2-20 g. In anotherembodiment, a spacer or a protuberance weighs 2-20 g is made of Nylon.In another embodiment, a spacer or a protuberance weighs 2-20 g is madeof Nylon and fiber. In another embodiment, a spacer or a protuberanceweighs 2-40 g is made of Nylon and glass fiber. In another embodiment, aspacer or a protuberance weighs 30-100 g. In another embodiment, aspacer or a protuberance weighs 50-80 g. In another embodiment, a spaceror a protuberance weighs 60-100 g. In another embodiment, a spacer or aprotuberance comprises: Nylon glass fiber polyurethane an alloy (such asbut not limited to Zink alloy), or any combination thereof. Eachpossibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the presentinvention will become apparent to one ordinarily skilled in the art uponexamination of the following examples, which are not intended to belimiting. Additionally, each of the various embodiments and aspects ofthe present invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in theclaims section below finds experimental support in the followingexamples.

EXAMPLES Materials and Methods Pain Scale

In all case studies pain is presented as graded by the patient on a 10cm Visual analogue scale. A pain of 4/10 means 4 cm out of 10 cm (where“0” is no pain and “10” is the worst pain).

Positioning Method

After each change (calibration, positioning) in configuration in theprotuberances attached to the footwear, the patient was asked to walk adistance of 10 meters away from the therapist and then back in order toverify that the patient remains balanced and that the change inconfiguration resulted in a desired positive effect (i.e. reduction inpain, improvement of timing of the heel-strike etc').

Prescribing the Device

The device comprises 2 units of footwear: one for the left foot and oneto the right foot. The footwear used is a light walking boot.

Prescription included a set of instructions to the patients. Theseinstructions included: the length of wear the device per day (usually30-60 minutes daily). Daily use included Wearing the device duringroutine activities that may include watching TV, computer activities;eating activities, etc. Actual walking constituted 10-25% of 30-60minutes. Thus, if patient worn the device for 60 minutes per day, totalof 5-10 minutes were dedicated, accumulatively, to walking.

Example 1 Muscle Tuning in Functional Ankle Instability (FAI) (ChronicAnkle Instability)

A 23 years old male patient was presented to the treatment center with alongstanding complaint of repetitive sprains of both ankles.

Case History: The patient reported that he first sprained his left ankleat the age of 12. Shortly thereafter he sprained his right ankle. Hereported that the frequency of ankle sprains increased since and at thetime of the first assessment he was avoiding any uneven terrain. Heavoided any sporting activities unless he used ankle braces (Aircast)bilaterally. He had pain on the lateral aspect of both ankles duringoutdoor walking whenever he walked for a distance greater than 1.5kilometres (VAS left-3/10, right-4/10). He also reported fatigue on thelateral aspect of both calves and a mild burning sensation along thetendons of the peronei bilaterally after prolonged walking.

Physical Examination: On observation there was mild swelling on theanterior aspect of the right and the left malleoli. Both feet were in amildly hypersupinated alignment. One leg stand was 5 sec. on the rightand 8 sec. on the left. Romberg test showed increased postural sway withthe eyes closed. Ankle ranges of motion were full bilaterally. Combinedinversion and plantar flexion produced pain along the anteriortalo-fibular ligament (ATFL). Anterior drawer tests for the ankle werenegative bilaterally. Clinical gait assessment revealed hypersupinationand an early heel rise in the right and the left legs.

Imaging and Gaitlab: Talar tilt X-rays were negative for mechanicalinstability (right—4 degrees, left—4 degrees). Anterior drawer X-rayswere negative for anterior instability (right—3 mm, left—2 mm.). Therewas no evidence of joint damage on X-ray. Gaitlab parameters were:velocity 123.0 cm/sec., left step length—64.8 cm., right steplength—65.3 cm., left single limb support—37.2%, right single limbsupport—37.5%.

Therapy: bulbous protuberances (B.P.s) with C convexity and “soft”resilience (hardness) were connected and fixed under the hind-foot andfore -foot of the left and right footwear. A 100 gr. weighted spacer(disc) of 2.5 mm height was attached and fixed between the right andleft shoes and the posterior right and left B.P.s.

Balancing: The patients system was calibrated and fine tuned duringrepeated clinical gait assessments with the footwear. During thisprocess care is taken to reduce the eversion and inversion during heelstrike, loading response, mid-stance and toe-off.

Rationale: Maintain plantar flexion through disc due to early heel risebilaterally in barefoot gait. Since the peronei brace in FM leading toan increased angular velocity toward inversion at heel strike and aconcentric eversion moment during stance their activity needs to besupported. Therefore a lateral calibration of posterior B.P.s. isbeneficial. This also ensured prevention of respraining the ankle whilewearing the system.

Since it was apparent that the invertors had a weaker eccentric powergeneration in FAI, strengthening in an eccentric manner was required.This is also achieved by lateral calibration of posterior B.P.s.

Pain: The patient did not complain of pain.

Heel-Rise Timing: The patient was asked to walk 20 m in order to confirmthat he is still balanced and the heel-rise is well timed in the gaitcycle. It was observed that the early-heel rise seen in barefoot gaitwas corrected.

Treatment Plan: The patient was briefed about the safety instructions ofthe therapy and was asked to wear the system at home for 45 minutes aday on each day of the first week of the treatment. During this time hewas instructed to be seated for most (80%) of the time, getting upoccasionally to do daily activities such as answering the phone orgetting a drink.

Accumulative weight bearing time per day in the first week was 7 to 9minutes (20% of total time with the system). The patient was instructedto increase the total wearing time by 15 minutes per week maintaining anaccumulative 20% of weight bearing time with the footwear. The patientwas seen for follow-up consultations at the center 4 weeks after hisfirst visit, 10 weeks after his first visit, and 5 months after hisfirst visit.

Treatment Progression: In the first follow up consultation the patientreported that he felt more comfortable performing indoors dailyactivities with the system than with his regular shoes. Gaitlab data isprovided in table number 1. He was then asked to increase the totalwearing time of the system by 15 minutes per week and maintain the 20%accumulative weight bearing time. In the second follow up consultationthe patient has reached a total weight bearing time of 3 hours. Hereported that he has ceased to feel unstable when walking outside forover 1.5 hours and the burning pain he felt on the lateral aspect of hisankles was gone. Gait lab data (provided in table number 1) showsincreases in gait velocity, right and left step lengths. The data alsoshows an increase in right and left single limb support. His system wastherefore calibrated so that the convexity of the anterior and theposterior right and left B.P.s was increased to D level of convexity.The patient was instructed to add to the current total weight bearingtime 10 minutes of outdoor walking. He was asked to increase the outdoorwalking by 5 minutes each week to a limit of 30 minutes. In the thirdfollow up consultation the patient reported that he went on a hike anddid not require the support of the ankle brace. The posterior B.P.s weretherefore calibrated to a position 3 mm more medial to the formerposition. This increased the activity of the ankle evertor muscles andfurther tuned the timing of their contraction.

TABLE 1 Patient Gaitlab Data Left Right Left Right Single Limb SingleLimb step Step Support Support Velocity length length (in % of (in % ofVisit (cm/sec) (cm) (cm) step cycle) step cycle) 1^(st) (initial) 123.064.8 65.3 37.2 37.5 2^(nd) (first 125.2 65.4 65.6 37.6 38.0 follow-up)3^(rd) (second 137.3 68.2 68.1 38.8 39.0 follow-up)

Example 2 Prevention Program to Prevent an ACL Tear in an Athlete

A 20 years old female professional basketball player was presented tothe treatment canter. The patient was a professional basketball playerperforming 10 basketball practices a week. at the time of the assessmentshe was had no physical complaints. The team physiotherapist had noticedthat when she lands from a jump and changes direction during running,her knees fall into a significant valgus alignment. It is known thatsuch lack of movement control, specifically in female athletes,significantly increases the risk for ACL tear.

Physical Examination: On observation the patient had hyperpronating feetand both the right and the left knees were in a valgus alignment(estimated as 15 degrees). Muscle mass appeared good and there were noapparent asymmetries. Knee and ankle joint stability tests were allnegative (Knee: anterior drawer test, valgus stress test, varus stresstest, Lachman's test. Ankle: anterior drawer test). Clinical gaitassessment did not reveal any significant findings except for the valgusin the knees. Drop vertical jump (stair hop) test was positive.Beighton's scale was positive for hyper mobility.

Imaging and Gaitlab Data: There was no imaging available. Gaitlabparameters were: velocity 120.8 cm/sec., left step length—63.8 cm.,right step length—61.9 cm., left single limb support—43.1%, right singlelimb support—42.8%.

Therapy: B.P.s with C convexity and “hard” resilience were connected andfixed under the hind-foot and fore -foot of the left and right footwear.A 100 gr. weighted spacer (disc) of 2.5 mm height was attached and fixedbetween the right and left shoes and the posterior right and left B.P.s.

Balancing: The patients system was calibrated and fine tuned duringrepeated clinical gait assessments with the footwear. During thisprocess care is taken to reduce the eversion and inversion during heelstrike, loading response, mid-stance and toe-off.

Rationale: Tuning of the timing of various muscles (specifically the hipabductors and hip external rotators) can improve the control over theproximal part of the knee (the femur) and thus prevent excessive valgusof the in various activities. The posterior B.P. of the right and leftsystem is therefore calibrated and fixed 6 mm. medial to the neutralposition.

Increasing the activity of the quadriceps muscle will ensure greatershock absorption by the muscle, thus decreasing the load on the knee.The posterior B.P. of both the right and the left systems is thereforecalibrated and fixed 10 mm. posterior to the neutral position.

Balancing: The patients system was calibrated and fine tuned duringrepeated clinical gait assessments with the footwear. During thisprocess care is taken to reduce the eversion and inversion during heelstrike, loading response, mid-stance and toe-off.

Pain: The patient did not complain of pain.

Heel-Rise Timing: The patient was asked to walk 20 m in order to confirmthat he is still balanced and the heel-rise is well timed in the gaitcycle. No abnormalities in heel-rise timing were observed.

Treatment Plan: The patient was briefed about the safety instructions oftherapy and was asked to wear the system at home for 45 minutes a day oneach day of the first week of the treatment. During this time she wasinstructed to be seated for most (80%) of the time, getting upoccasionally to do daily activities such as answering the phone orgetting a drink. Accumulative weight bearing time per day in the firstweek was 7 to 9 minutes (20% of total time with the system). The patientwas instructed to increase the total wearing time by 15 minutes per weekmaintaining an accumulative 20% of weight bearing time with thefootwear. The patient was seen for follow-up consultations at the center3 weeks after her first visit, 6 weeks after her first visit, and 12months after his first visit.

Treatment Progression: In the first follow up consultation the patientreported that she felt comfortable performing indoors daily activitieswith the system. Gaitlab data is provided in table number 1. She wasthen instructed to perform squats with the system (10 repetitions perset, 4 sets per day), and lunges with the system (10 repetitions foreach leg per set, 4 sets for each leg per day). She was also asked toincrease the total wearing time of the system by 15 minutes a week,maintaining 20% of accumulative weight bearing time. On the secondfollow up consultation she has reached a total wearing time of 3 hoursand reported that performing the squats and the lunges was easy. Dropvertical jump (stair hop) test was performed with less valgus at theknees. The convexity of the anterior and posterior B.P. of the left andright systems was changed to D level of convexity. She was instructed tocontinue with the squat and lunge exercise and add practicing jumpshots, dribbling and other basketball drills.

On the third follow up the drop vertical jump (stair hop) test wasnegative.

TABLE 2 Patient Gaitlab Data Left Right Left Right Single Limb SingleLimb step Step Support Support Velocity length length (in % of (in % ofVisit (cm/sec) (cm) (cm) step cycle) step cycle) 1^(st) (initial) 120.863.8 61.9 43.1 42.8 2^(nd) (first 125.2 64.1 63.4 42.2 42.6 follow-up)3^(rd) (second 132.4 67.9 66.5 41.5 42.2 follow-up)

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of tuning a lower limb skeletal musclein a subject in need thereof comprising the steps of: (a) securing adevice to a subject's foot, whereby said device comprises a footsecuring means, a support member operably attached to said securingmeans; an outsole; an anterior protuberance and a posteriorprotuberance; (b) calibrating the center of pressure (COP) with whichthe foot contacts the ground by positioning said posterior protuberance,positioning said anterior protuberance, or both, wherein saidcalibrating the COP is: (1) increasing the lower limb skeletal muscleactivity by positioning the COP in a direction away from the anatomicallocation of the lower limb skeletal muscle; or (2) reducing the lowerlimb skeletal muscle activity by positioning the COP in a directioncloser to the anatomical position of the lower limb skeletal muscle; and(c) fixing said posterior protuberance and said anterior protuberance tosaid support member in a fixed position, thereby tuning a lower limbskeletal muscle in a subject in need thereof.
 2. The method of claim 1,whereby said calibrating further comprises adjusting: (a) a resilienceof said anterior protuberance, said posterior protuberance, or acombination thereof; (b) a hardness of said anterior protuberance, saidposterior protuberance, or a combination thereof; (c) an elasticity ofsaid anterior protuberance, said posterior protuberance, or acombination thereof; (d) or any combination of (a), (b), and (c).
 3. Themethod of claim 1, whereby said calibrating further comprises adjusting:(a) a height of said anterior protuberance, said posterior protuberance,or a combination thereof; (b) a convexity of said anterior protuberance,said posterior protuberance, or a combination thereof; (c) a weight ofsaid anterior protuberance, said posterior protuberance, or acombination thereof (d) and a combination of (a), (b), and (c).
 4. Themethod of claim 1, whereby said subject suffers from a lower limbmusculoskeletal pain and said calibrating further comprise minimal painposition.
 5. The method of claim 1, whereby said subject is sufferingfrom a lower limb joint pathology, a lower limb pain or at risk ofacquiring a lower limb joint pathology.
 6. The method of claim 5,whereby said lower limb joint pathology is lower limb osteoarthritis. 7.The method of claim 5, whereby said lower limb joint pathology is kneeosteoarthritis.
 8. The method of claim 1, whereby said posteriorprotuberance is a bulbous protuberance, said anterior protuberance is abulbous protuberance, or both said posterior protuberance and saidanterior protuberance are bulbous protuberances.
 9. The method of claim1, whereby said anterior protuberance is shaped differently from theouter contour of said posterior protuberance.
 10. A method of preventinginjuries in a subject susceptible to a lower limb joint pathology or alower limb musculoskeletal pathology, comprising the step of tuning alower limb skeletal muscle in said subject according to claim
 1. 11. Themethod of claim 10, whereby said subject is an athlete.
 12. The methodof claim 10, whereby said subject is further at risk of suffering from alower limb pain.